Constant Hazard Rate Lab Report

4.1.6 Flip ops as Counters As can be seen from Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8, a T-FF can be implemented using a D- FF feeding back the negate output /Q to the input D. The input clock to be divided is then provided at the CLK input. Cascading n T-FF stages as shown in Figure 4.8, it is 26 possible to divide the input frequency by a factor of 2^n . Based on current requirement Figure 4.7: FlipFlop of IC, size and availability and operating temperature, the rst combination which is the cascade of divide-by-4, divide-by-10 and divide-by-10 is chosen. The ip op as divide by 4, 10, 40 etc have been simulated with ADS.

Anderson and Wood (1925) determined a magnification value equal to 2800 but they neglected the deformation of the tungsten wire under different equilibrium situations. Conversely, the deformation of the wire could be sufficient to reduce the magnification factor of 30%, increasing the moment of inertia. For this reason Uhrhammer and Collins (1990) and Uhrhammer et al. (1996) recomputed the instrument static magnification (GS) that was estimated equal to 2080 ± 60. Using 2800 instead of 2080 in the BB WA simulations leads to a magnitude error of +0.129 (e.g. Uhrhammer et al., 2011).

Experiment 7 In this experiment we configured several DC circuits consisting of an emf and a network of resistors. The circuits were composed of a power supply, two DMMs, a circuit board, an SPST switch, and an assortment of known resistors along with one unknown resistor. We measured the current and voltage of the entire circuit as well as the potential drops across each resistor to determine the parameters of the circuit including the resistance, voltage, and current for each component.

As shown on the plot, small vertical tick-marks indicate losses, where a patient 's survival time has been right-censored. Fig. 2.3 Kaplan-Meier curve The Kaplan–Meier estimator is the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate of S(t), where the maximum is taken over the set of all piecewise constant survival curves with breakpoints at the event times ti. It is a product of the form S(t)=∏_(t_i of an (observed)

1. What area/aspect of this setting is the most challenging? 2. In the setting, you work in, is there a certain population of patients you see more? How does this affect you?

1. Identify the range of senses involved in communication • Sight (visual communication), Touch (tactile communication), Taste, Hearing (auditory communication), Smell (olfactory communication) 2. Identify the limited range of wavelengths and named parts of the electromagnetic spectrum detected by humans and compare this range with those of THREE other named vertebrates and TWO named invertebrates. Figure 1: the electromagnetic spectrum source: www.ces.fau.edu Vertebrates Human Japanese Dace Fish Rattlesnake Zebra Finch Part of electromagnetic spectrum detected ROYGBV (visible light) detected by light sensitive cells in the eye called rods and cones.

2 were expected to have recurrences, but there was only 1 actual recurrence. The pharmaceutical companies claim the relative risk reduction is 50%, because one is 50% of 2. 2 would be statisically likely to have their breast cancer recur during the trial, but only 1 actually had a recurrence, so the risk is cut in half from a relative point of

Lab 1 helps create a better understand of the changes in crystal structures when the annealing and quenching process is applied to 1020 and 1080 steel. The numbered steel refers to the ASTM grain-size number. Formula 1 is used to solve for the grain size. n=2^(G-1) Equation (1) at 100x magnification Crystal structures change shapes which changes the strength of the material and its properties. The metal might become soft, brittle, hard, or ductile.

The investigation was carried out to identify the presence or absence of biological molecules in serum 2216. If the concentration in each test tube of the dilutions carried out will be more concentrated then the concentration of the test tube before it, then the color will be at an equal concentration with the other dilutions performed. The hypothesis was wrong because of the difference in concentrations due to the different measurements within the dilutions done. The test for starch was to add a drop of iodine solution to the pipette in the spotting tile. A reducing sugar solutions is add inside a test tube with 3 drops to then add 3 drops of benedicts and plane in a water bath.

Activity 1 Increasing extracellular K+ reduces the net diffusion of K+ out of the neuron through the K+ leak channels because it caused to decrease in the concentration gradient. Increasing extracellular K+ causes the membrane potential to change to a less negative value because extracellular K+ is increasing, which it will cause intracellular K+ to be less. A change in extracellular Na+ did not alter the membrane potential in the resting neuron because there are a lot of K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels The relative permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+ in a resting neuron is that Na+ leak channel is less, but K+ leak channels has more so the membrane become less permeable to Na+.

There is a need for a shift away from the focus of specific hazards and a call for strategic approaches to reducing vulnerabilities before hazardous events occur. Knowledge of potential hazards, whether it be the physical, economic, or environmental vulnerabilities must be known prior to any hazardous event. With this knowledge known, any hazard can be conquered by first responders and the government rather than assessing what went wrong after the event. Focusing on specific hazards is a difficult task, thus understanding the underlying vulnerabilities to infrastructure, hazardous material, or the economy are vital in risk management. Policy makers and first responders alike can use this information to prevent risk and hazardous events.

In the 1940s, one in 16 developed cancer. • In the 1970s, it was one in 10. • Today, it is one in three!

Cox Proportional Hazard model is a popular model in survival analysis for detecting the effect of some set of variables on the Hazard. This model is popular largely because there is no need to consider specific distribution function to the hazard function. In Cox proportional hazard model Is Unspecified and non-negative function of time that called a baseline hazard function and is a matrices of covariates related to the ith person. One of the important assumptions in Cox model is that the covariate has a linear effect on the log hazard function. However, Continuous variables can be an influence on the risk with non-linear forms and ignoring this can alter the results.

Example: In the following study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. So the attributable risk of CHD related to smoking was 320 (892−572) per 100 000 compared with 195 (209−14) per 100 000 for lung cancer. These figures are the excess numbers of deaths (per 100 000) in

Abstract Survival analysis is normally used to describe the analysis of data that depend on the time between constant starting point until the occurrence of specific event or endpoint. There are certain aspects of the survival analysis data, such as censoring and non-normality, which can generate great difficulty when trying to analyze data using traditional statistical models. In this paper, the Kaplan-Meier estimator is used to estimate the survival function. Also Log-Rank test is used to compare between groups using the stages of the illness as a comparing factors. Finally, Cox’s regression model is one of the most applied methods in medical research, is used to determine the factors that affect the survival time and assess the relative