Developmental Milestones

According to Dictionary.com (2017), the definition of psychology is: “The scientific study of mental processes and behaviour. The behavioural and cognitive characteristics of a specific individual, group, activity, or circumstance.” Psychology studies human mental functioning and behaviour by the use of systematic, scientific study known as the scientific method. The scientific method is a standardised way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions and interpreting results. Courses.lumenlearning.com (2017) stated that the scientific method is based on the following process: 1.Ask a question.

Skinner in 1938.Operant conditioning is a form of learning which explains the relation of behaviors on certain rewards and consequences. The study of the theory only deals with expressible behaviors and not any internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms. Operant Conditioning works by applying two major concepts, Reinforcements and Punishments, after the behavior is executed, which causes the rate of behavior to increase or decrease. Skinner’s Skinner box experiment with a rat is the base for operant conditioning theory and its concepts. The main principle comprises changing environmental events that are related to a person's behavior.

For this paper, I chose to write about the Little Albert experiment The overall importance of this study was to discover if a human could be conditioned to develop a bias, fear, or generalized fear of an animal, object, or person based the stimuli placed around the involved person, animal or object. Watson & Rayner (1920) suggested that “in infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few, consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there must be some simple method by means of which the range of stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds is greatly increased.” This means that before any conditioning occurs, the subject should have a pure response, but after minor and simple experimentation and conditioning,

The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response.

1) Define psychology and trace its historical development. Psychology is the scientific research of the study of the human and animal behavior and mentalities. So in general the study is about how, what and why the human brain functions the way they do. As well as why mental illnesses exist.

8. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of C. According to an online source called Simple psychology, contemporary psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 9. The inheritance of behavioral characteristics

The term preschooler is often used to describe children ages 3 to 6 years of age. Developmental milestones are behaviors or physical skills seen in children as they grow and develop. Rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking are all considered milestones. The milestones are different for each age

Classical Conditioning. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html this supports behaviourists

The Little Albert experiment, directed by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, is known as one of the most ethically problematic studies in the history of psychology. Using the techniques of classical conditioning, the conductors of this experiment conditioned a baby to fear white rats, demonstrating classical conditioning in humans. However, this study raised questions about the ethics of human experiments, and the authority of scientists over their subjects. At only 9 months old, Albert was shown multiple objects including a white rat, a monkey, masks, and a burning mask, showing no fear of any of these.

Outline the key principles and educational applications of Operant Conditioning. Refer to relevant literature and applications to the post-primary classroom. Operant conditioning is a process of learning that occurs through the enforcement of rewards and punishments for behaviour. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behaviour and a consequence for that behaviour.

This operant conditioning was used to mold their behavior and hopefully improve it. Operant conditioning refers to a mode of learning which involves behaviour that influences particularly the outcomes that tailgates them. The outcomes of operant conditioning depends on factors such as enviroment, people invloved and so forth. Operant conditioning helps develop voluntary behaviour or adaptable behavior (Corey, 2013)

Operant conditioning is how you are basically trained behaviors with reward/punishment. In kindergarten we are taught to raising our hands when we want to speak. I clearly remember our teacher punishing students for blurting out instead of raising their hands. My teacher took away recess time.

Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors. John Watson believed that if he were given infants, then he would be able to make one a thei,

‘John Watson was one of the early American psychologists to break the Freudian notions that our unconscious mind was behind most of our behavior’ - Gary Gilles. John Watson was considered the ‘father’ of behaviourism, behaviorism is the scientific study of human behaviour (Schatzie, 2016). Watson was responsible for making Ivan Pavlov’s ideas and principles into part of a psychological norm by applying it to humans. He was impressed with Pavlov’s accurate measurement of observable behaviours and believed that Pavlov’s model could be extended towards diverse forms of learning and personality characteristics. Watson believed that the goal of psychology should be ‘the prediction and control of behavior’, meaning that one should be able to assume an upcoming behavioral action and ultimately learn how

Developmental Milestones Developmental Milestones are a set of functional skills which most of the children can perform at a certain age. Every milestone has a certain age limit. Some may achieve it early and some may do it a bit late as every child is unique. Premature babies achieve these milestones slightly late as compared to their healthier counterparts. You might also like: My top 6 learning toys for 0-12 month olds