The Effects of Predation as a Selection Pressure Introduction Predation occurs towards organisms who have distinguishable traits such as color or certain behaviors that makes them stand out among other adapted organisms (e.g., Mader, 2016). During this experiment, the colored dots were used to represent the phenotypes of the organisms Dottus Variengatus. The null hypothesis tested states that the phenotypes of the Dottus Variengatus have no effect on the numbers of each phenotype selected by the predator. Predators might have certain routines when preying, which is beneficial for organisms with cryptic or intermediate phenotypes because they are better adapted to the environment, meaning they will be more likely to survive (Willink, García-Rodríguez, …show more content…
The starting population of the experiment contained 100 organisms that had 10 different Dottus Variengatus phenotypes. A multicolored-city board was used to simulate the environment where these organisms lived. To perform the experiment, groups of three were formed. The first member had to act as a new predator of the population, the second member was assigned to randomly disperse the colored dots on the board, help keep count of the consumed dots, and collect materials at the end of the experiment. The third member had to collect the prey from the predator, and help keep count until 25 dots were collected. The predator was not allowed to see where the dots were placed by the second member. The predator had to turn around to select the first dot observed give it to the third member of the group and continue doing this procedure until 25 dots were counted by the second member. The depended variable of this experiment was the number of times each dot was chosen. The controlled variables were the number of dots …show more content…
After calculating the probability levels for the Chi square values, the sum was 17.8. The value fell in the range of low probability due to chance. Both, Table 9.7 and Table 9.8 rejected the null hypothesis of the experiment. Discussion The colored dots were used as a representation of the different phenotypes of the organism Dottus Variengatus. The starting population in the experiment contained 100 organisms of Dottus Variengatus. The results of both parts of the experiment rejected the null hypothesis tested. The Dottus variegatus individuals experienced negative selection effects by predators based on their bright and distinctive phenotypes that made them stand out among the rest of the population. Individuals with lighter colors represented the adapted individuals which experienced positive selection pressure. These individuals were benefited by predation because they survived and could continue to pass their alleles and contribute to the gene pool of the future population. The Chi square gave a statistical analysis comparison between the results of predation occurring because of selective pressure or predation occurring by chance alone. The result of the Chi square analysis showed a low probability of predation due to chance, showing again that the phenotypes of organisms affect their predation possibilities. Majority of the data proved that some organisms
Introduction The bean beetle also known as the Callosobruchus maculatus, is an agricultural pest insect from Africa and Asia. That can be found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. The lifecycle of a bean beetles is quite short an adult been beetle lays their eggs on the external surface of a bean. The larva hatches from the egg burrows from the egg through the seed coat and into the bean endosperm without moving outside the protection of the egg.
The experiment was done by observing the Himantura leopard and Dasyatis Americana interactions with a school of fishinside a 760,000 gallon tank at the Adventure Aquarium for 90 minutes. There were two Himantura leopard organisms and approximately five to six DasyatisAmericana. A school of fish was observed as three fishes that are approximately three inches away from each other. When either species of stingray came within five inches of the described school of fish, it was marked down if any of the fishes in the school separated from the school by swimming in an opposing direction of the other fishes of the school. If a fish separated from the school, it was marked down as “break apart” for the specie of stingray that caused the separation.
Paragraph 1: Introduction - explain your lab. The lab that I chose to do was the “McGraw Hill Higher Education: Natural Selection - Virtual Lab.” I chose this lab because it was the one that most interested me, as I liked the format of the virtual lab. In this lab, I was able to manipulate both the environment and the allele frequency in order to record and investigate the generational breeding patterns of a group of organisms.
Directional selection and disruptive selection are two of the three types of natural selection. Although both of them result in a population adapting to biotic and abiotic environments, they differ in many ways. Directional selection occurs when one extreme phenotype is favored over the other phenotypes, whereas disruptive selection occurs when two or more phenotypes are favored over the others. Another difference is that disruptive selection favors polymorphism and directional selection causes species to evolve over time and leads to the extinction of those lacking the phenotypes causing the distribution curve to shift.
Natural selection does favor cheaters because a cheater (an organism) may cooperate with another organism but it all to expands of its survive. A cheater can either be associated with mutualism, where both animal benefit or commensalism/altruistic where only one animal befits. In this assignment, I choose to write about Badgers and Coyotes
The antipredator attacks were compared to one group versus both groups (Schadelin et al. 2012). The results of the study showed that there was a reduction in predator defense by the test pair when they established their breeding cavity next to a neighbor. Potential explanations for this result is that in the presence of an established neighbor they could potentially indicate better breeding habitat and greater safety through increased mobbing (Schadelin et al.
How long did it take for the populations to evolve into different populations with different colored coats? Did gene mutation cause a change in the coat color between populations of the Rock Pocket mouse? Hypothesis: Alternate hypothesis: Rock Pocket mice have different coat colors that help to their advantage that depend on their location through evolution. Null hypothesis: Rock Pocket mice don’t have different coat colors that help to their advantage that depend on location through evolution.
Introduction Predation is a biological interaction between two organisms of different species in a community in which one acts as a predator and captures and feeds on the other, the prey. Predator-prey relationships keep animal populations in balance. When prey populations increase more food is available for predators, and they increase in number as well. An increase in predators triggers a decrease in prey populations. As prey populations decrease predator populations soon follow as their food supply diminishes.
The objective is to determine foraging preference of ants by observing and measuring their selection between three different sugar concentrated solutions (5%, 15%, and 30%). The hypothesis is that ants prefer high sugar concentrated solutions than low sugar concentrated solutions. The prediction is that most ants will prefer high concentrated solution (30%) than the less concentrated solution
A scientific journal report is an academic paper that has been published within the scholarly community. The report is peer reviewed by other experts in the field to ensure credibility. Functions of a scientific journal is to distribute knowledge and inform others of developed research and its outcomes. On such article found in the Animal Behaviour science journal which was released by Elsevier. The journal report looks into the colouration of juvenile spiny-footed lizards and determines whether the colouring is important for reduction of adult aggression towards the juvenile lizards.
In evolutionary biology, mimicry can be defined as a similarity of one species (the mimic) to another (the model) as a protective mechanism for either one or both species, against another species (the signal-receiver or the audience), typically a common predator of both species. The stimulus occurs as appearance, behaviour, sound or scent. The model is usually another organism, with the exception of automimicry. For prey species, mimicry strategies evolved as an adaptation against predators within their environment. The selective action of a signal-receiver drives the evolutionary process.
Covered in coarse orange and black setae, Dasymutilla occidentalis, or the velvet ant can be found in grassy fields or on the edges of forests in the Eastern and Western portions of the United States. The common name ‘velvet ant’ is rather misleading as the insect is actually a member of the Mutillidae family, which encompasses over 3,000 species of wasps. It is also known as the ‘cow killer’ or ‘mule killer’ in response the female’s painful stinging abilities. Although, the level of pain is comparable to a bee sting and will not likely kill.
Natural Selection Characteristic determination is that it is the system by which a living being that is most appropriate to its condition will survive and pass on its useful qualities in expanding numbers to the accompanying eras, while those life forms less suited to the earth will be disposed of. . “For example, some cheetahs can run faster than other cheetahs and will therefore be more likely to catch their prey. Organisms that blend into their background and remain hidden from their predators will have a better chance of surviving than those members of their species that cannot” (Arnold, 2009). “Peppered moths - the deer mice are like the classic example of natural selection the peppered moths of northern England” (Arnold, 2009).
a. What worm has natural selection selected AGAINST? diurnal worms FOR? nocturnal worms b. Darwin 's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above. Population has variations.
Monogenic traits associated with structural variants in chicken and horse Allelic and phenotypic diversity of visually appealing traits Contents Introduction 11 Good material is of material importance 12 Genetic variation 15 Chicken combs 16 Melanic pigmentation 17 Equid pigmentation 18 Introduction of papers 20 Paper I 20 Paper II 21 Paper III 23 Discussion 25 The rooster's Rose-comb 25 The strikingly Grey steed 27 Analysis 27 Rate and mode of Greying 27