Early Adult Outcomes

Theories such as, Inherited Criminality, Appearance, and even theories regarding the poor development of key areas of the Central Nervous System (CNS), could all be factors. But what really stands out, is how these biological factors may have interacted within the environment in which these children grew up (Bernard, 2016). Most of the children featured in the documentary were abused, delinquent, and often used drugs and alcohol. Any undetermined biological or physical factor as identified by the biological theories of crime, could very well have played a role when factored into the environmental conditions that the child was growing up

In this sense, influence of peers is easily a tell-tale sign of future criminal behavior. If a child is less involved with their peers and outcasted the likelihood of the child becoming criminal rises. Aditionally, if a child were brought up in either socioeconomic standpoints, child abuse/neglect plays a significant role in future criminality. A study shows that a child who experienced abuse/neglect were at a 50% higher risk to involve themselves in criminal acts. This goes to show that nature vs. nurture are significant factors in criminal behavior.

57). Research shows that delinquency and youth violence have been on the rise over the decade growing in epidemic proportions since 1993 (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998). Delinquency means for one to break the law and does not have to involve any form of criminal activity in one doing so. However, it is known that antisocial behavior, delinquency, and violence share common roots and similar consequences according to Mcwhirter et al. (2013). Violent crimes committed by youth has escalated by youth victimized by youth violence doubling the in juvenile arrests for violent crime by 2010, and fueled anxieties about future crime wave as the juvenile delinquents mature into adults (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) with female delinquency making its mark up the ladder according to research.

This theory clearly rules out the effect of inherited or innate factors, and the last is the cognitive theory, which is based on how the perception of an individual is manifested into affecting his or her potential and capability to commit a crime. (Psychological theories of crime) Relating these theories to the case under study, it’s clear that the behaviour can be traced most times to faulty relationships in the family during the first years of

While there are many stereotypes and stigmas around the neurodevelopmental disorder, ADHD is defined by the CDC as a chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. National population surveys reflect an increase in the

Numerous studies have revealed that individual characteristics of the juvenile and various other factors cane increase the probability of offending and may also predict substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, dropping out of school and other problems during adolescence and early adulthood (Listenbee, 2014). Although the risk of juvenile offending is dependent on the number of risk factors a youth experiences, the number of protective factors is also highly influential in determining whether or not a youth engages in delinquency (Church, Springer & Roberts, 2014). Risk factors include, but are not limited to the introduction of aggressive behavior in early childhood; the use or abuse of substances; the experience of abuse, neglect, and maltreatment at home; low levels of parental attachment; having a low socioeconomic status; or even involvement with a delinquent peer group. The above mentioned risk factors are only a few of the everyday things that can affect a child and cause some form of delinquency. There are protective factors that will inhibit the conduct such as having a positive or resilient temperament, a sense of self-efficacy, having that much needed level of parental involvement, and having a supportive family.

This statistic is shocking. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be described as the inability to pay attention, hyperactivity and increased impulsivity. There is also ADD, that is attention deficit disorder without the symptoms of hyperactivity. With ADHD being the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder in the United States, its important to fully understand the drug and its effects. The most commonly prescribed drugs to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity are stimulants, mainly Ritalin.

They believe that these perfectly “healthy schoolchildren” would act much differently in a more “natural outdoor environment.” Although researchers have discovered brain differences and evidence of impairment in daily activites in those who suffer from ADHD, there are many who view ADHD "symptoms" as “an extreme expression of normal human behavior”. These researchers use the term neurodiversity to describe genetic variations

The article I selected researched racial and ethnic disparities in ADHD diagnosis from kindergarten to eighth grade across the United States. This article best exemplifies the longitudinal Survey design through its exploration into what extent does racial and ethnic disparities play in the diagnosis of attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder also known as (ADHD) in children in early grades or middle school education. Diagnosis of any disability can have serious implications on student performance; this research emphasizes the importance of racial disparities in the diagnoses of learners in classrooms across the country. Morgan (2013) suggest minority students are dispproportional diagnosed and treated for ADHD. As such the effects of racial disparities on these learners can begin in kindergarden and have lasting effects on how people, learners, and educators arrive at understanding.

Most crimes, they argue, are simple to commit, require no long-term planning, and provide few long-term benefits. In addition, this theory implies that individuals who were inadequately parented before the age of eight develop less self-control than individuals of approximately the same age who were raised with better parenting. Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that parents must monitor their children, recognize bad behavior, and correct this bad behavior. If self-control has not developed by ages eight to ten, they argue, it is not likely to develop. As a result, research have indicated that low levels of self-control are relevant to criminal and impulsive

Typically, adolescents exercise their independence by questioning and sometimes breaking rules. Parents and healthcare providers must distinguish occasional errors of judgment from a degree of misbehavior that requires professional intervention. The severity and frequency of infractions are guides. For example, regular drinking, frequent episodes of fighting, truancy, and theft are much more significant than isolated episodes of the same activities. Other warning signs include deterioration of performance at school and running away from home.

It may be that the disorder was influenced by either nature or nurture, or both could influence it. The debate about whether a person is born a criminal could go in a lot of different directions. One could say that a person is a criminal because of their nature and what their parents passed down to them or another could say that only a person’s nurture influenced them to do things that made them a criminal. What most people say is that a person does things that make them a criminal because of both their nature and their nurture. They do things based off of what they got from their parents as well as what environmental factors influence

Some children have needed the medication, but many have been misunderstood, mistreated, mislabeled and misdiagnosed, because there has always been a subtle implication that something was always wrong with them, rather than something right. A child who was labeled different became a child with a deficit and a disorder. They were led to believe that they were of lesser value in the classroom and in society in general, because our school system rewards sameness and undervalues difference. The diagnosis of A.D.D. is not based on laboratory tests; on the contrary, it is based on observations made by professionals, parents and teachers. However, recently, within the last few decades, EGG neurological research has shown that children and adults with A.D.D. show different brain wave patterns.

Emotional and cognitive development are related with a child’s ability to control behavior in social situations (Wasserman et al., 2003). Poor cognitive development can impede academic achievement, which in turn affects behavior and puts a child even more at risk of becoming a delinquent. Hyperactivity, in which a child is restless and fidgety, makes it more likely that a child would later be involved in delinquent behavior; however, hyperactivity alone does not necessarily lead to delinquency. As Lahey, McBurnett and Loeber stated (2000), “hyperactivity leads to delinquency only when it occurs with physical aggression or oppositional behavior” (pg. 4). A dangerous combination of hyperactivity and physical or oppositional behavior can put children at risk of becoming violent young

Mental illness and criminology: a review of related literature Aja Ferguson Chaminade University CJ 605 Dr. Allen 3/18/2017 I. INTRODUCTION Mental illness and criminology are two fields that continue to generate interest among researchers. One of the reasons that explain the consistent interest of scholars is the presence of a vast, unexplored territory where there is a dearth in available and updated information related to mental illness and criminology. Even though the study of the mentally ill and the criminal are two different spheres, it is not uncommon that individuals became criminals because they are mentally ill, just like it is not new to discover criminals in prison to develop