Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

Chapter 6 Question E In classical conditioning, whether we are human beings or animals, our first learning is acquisition. Classical conditioning happens upon the appearance of 2 stimuli put together, this occurs effortlessly and unconsciously. Acquisition is the link of the unconditional stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. US, stimulus that produces a reply without previous knowledge.

Pavlov’s dog experiment is a base for the establishment of classical conditioning theory and its concepts. In classical conditioning, generalization is defined as the process in which a stimulus similar to the original CS produces similar behavior identical

Discrimination is the ability to recognize between stimuli that are alike. Conditioned Response only happens in conjecture with the original CS. Watson and Rayner in their “Little Albert” Study, a child was observed because he was classically condition to fear rats. Conditioned fears continue and alter personality throughout life. This would be used to remove fears in another child.

During the specific experiment that he discovered classical conditioning, he was researching salivary reflexes in dogs. As expected, when Pavlov presented the dogs with food, they began to salivate. However, he soon realised that the dogs would start to salivate without the presence of food, but in the presence of the lab assistant who fed them. Pavlov then decided to change the direction of his research into investigating more into classical conditioning. Another psychologist, named John B Watson, was inspired by Pavlov’s work and conducted an experiment on a young boy named Albert to see if classical conditioning could work on human subjects.

According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space. Chapter Six

John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment called the “Little Albert” experiment. It was a psychology experiment performed to demonstrate the effects of behavioral conditioning in humans. John was influence by the studies of Ivan Pavlov, where he used conditioning process in dogs. John want to prove that taking Pavlov’s research a step further could show how emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in humans. John used an 9 month old boy to be the subject of the little Albert experiment.

While studying dog’s responses and salivation, Pavlov discovered the first basic laws of learning and conditioning. He realized that every time a lab assistant brought a bowl of food into the dog’s presents, the dog would salivate. Then he realized they hadn’t intentionally salivated, rather it was an unconditional response. He then realized the dog would associate objects with the food, like the lab assistant (who the dog did not respond to intentionally). In the beginning the assistant was the neutral stimulus (produces no specific response).

Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.

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Madison Kesner 29 October 2015 Section #: 1002 Net ID: mkesner Discovering Little Albert The experient of classical conditioning created by Watson and Rayner in 1918 on a baby they nicknamed "Little Albert" became famous for many psychologists to analyze. In the article, “Correcting the Record on Watson, Rayner, and Little Albert”, the writers of this article: Russell Powell, Nancy Digdon, Ben Harris, and Christopher Smithson, are on the search of who “Little Albert” really was. In the original report of Watson and Rayner they never disclosed who “Little Albert” was other than the name, “Albert B.”. The article that these 5 writers base their accusations on are from a different research paper that has been written and reported by Fridlund

When my dog started to identify the tin can sound as a meaning for food, he became the conditioned stimulus. The dog running to me when it was time to eat was a conditioned response.

INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

Watson and Rayner paired the sound of a hammer with the presence of a white rat. Despite Little Albert showing no aversion to the rat initially, the repeated association between the rat and the sound of the hammer resulted in Albert becoming evidently distressed by the presence of the rat, later developing into him fearing anything resembling the rat. Watson and Rayners research indicated that classical conditioning, previously only demonstrated by dogs, could be applied to humans in the context of phobias. However, successive attempts to replicate the findings of Watson and Rayner proved largely unsuccessful, questioning the reliability of their findings. Furthermore, classical conditioning has been criticised for ignoring individuals free will and the ability for humans to resist conditioning, therefore although their experiment was successful on an infant, the results may not necessarily be applicable to

This can all be explained through Ivan Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning, which allows us to associate different stimuli to their responses. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist who discovered the process of classical conditioning as a physiologist (Psychology

This school of thought suggests that only observable behaviors should be studied, since internal states such as cognitions, emotions and moods are too subjective. There are two major types of conditioning: 1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.