Ethical Review: Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

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If we accept these as the principles underlying ethical review, then it follows that ethical review must be applied to all types of research, beyond just those which contain human or animal participants. This is because the aim of a research project can be harmful to mankind even if that project has no need of human or animal participation in its testing.
For example, consider the Manhattan project. This was a research project centred around mathematics, advanced physics and engineering. Accomplishing the aims of this project did not require human clinical trials or animal research but the success of this project led to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This is an obvious example of how research projects which do not involve human

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