Rosenberg's 1866 Cholera Epidemic Analysis

The Columbian Exchange was the movement of people, animals, goods, plants, diseases, and microorganism that occurred in the sixteenth century. The effects of The Columbian Exchange on early American society were extensive. One of the most devastating effects was the spreading of disease that killed around ninety percent of the Native American population. When Europeans came to the New World they brought with them diseases such as, “smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera”(document one). The native’s immune systems were not prepared to fight theses diseases and this lead to a catastrophic amount of fatalities.

With so many people were dying already from the disease grief was high. Medication at the time was no wear near what it is in present times. The health statue of Europe was falling and the large masses of people who were dying began to raise horror in people. To correspond with that many people had little to no knowledge of cleanliness and how it can affect heath.

Upon researching, the once difficult to believe theory of contagion became true. Along with Snow’s collection of evidence, the cholera outbreak case was solved, marking an incredible achievement in both urban and medical

The Antebellum South had a seldom amount of doctors. Unfortunate for both slaves and their owners of this area, they lived in the marshland region, a place where mosquitoes carrying deadly diseases typically lived. Mosquitoes often spread these diseases, killing many slaves (Sullivan 1). The doctors had scarce knowledge about the deadly disease of the south and could do little to prevent the cause or spread of these illnesses. One of the suspected diseases or illnesses that the physicians claimed to harm the slaves was malnourishment.

Penn experienced this he lost a third of his passengers to smallpox, it had been spreading quickly. Especially in Europe, and it came with the Europeans that came to Pennsylvania. A big issue with smallpox was that the native Americans were really sensitive to it, so most of them got really sick and

One such disease that seems to have influenced Stoker's novel was the widespread issue during Victorian society known as syphilis. By studying the information on the contraction of syphilis, its symptoms, and how to prevent it, one can reveal how Bram Stoker used his novel to explain why people were afraid of disease

“Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health” was written by Judith Walzer Leavitt, a historian whose careful research and talented writing gave rise to one of the most well-known accounts of Typhoid Mary’s life. The focus of the book, as its very title suggests, is on Mary Mallon, the young woman whose individual rights to freedom were sacrificed for the public’s health and safety. Born in Ireland, Mary Mallon moved to New York as a teenager and soon became a domestic cook serving in wealthy American households. Unfortunately, the epidemic of typhoid fever was spreading like wildfire through the homes, including the ones where Mallon worked. When the disease hit the household of the banker Charles Warren, the family hired the sanitary engineer George Soper who was well-known for his ‘shoe-leather’ investigations.

Throughout time diverse regions have considered other societies to be barbaric, causing them to have the desire of “civilizing” them. Likewise, During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the American nativist groups, possessed a similar perspective towards immigration. Nativist’s opposed immigration, as they believed that it would negatively impact the United States socially, morally, politically, and economically. Socially and morally, the nativists feared that foreigners were a threat to the American society, as they were culturally inferior, possessed many ailments, and committed crimes. Politically, the ethnocentric nativists believed that immigrants would corrupt the government and negatively influence American politics.

The Civil war physicians that studied gangrene lesion used the microscope which revealed dead tissue blood vessels in the area occluded with “stagnant blood” and these microscopic organisms they observed was a result of infection. According to Adams “the gangrene patient might see a black spot the size of a dime, appear on his healing wound, and watch with horrified interest its rapid spread until his whole leg or arm was but a rotten, evil-smelling mass of dead flesh” Even though they did not establish bacteriology the physicians understood that the disease was destructive. This led to studies of the disease and there was a demand for cleanliness and the use of disinfectants in hospitals. This demonstrates a positive impact of the Civil War on medicine because physicians

One of the biggest summer nuisance would be the mosquito, but more specifically the Ades aegypti mosquito. The Aedes aegypti is the vector for yellow fever and the cause of the numerous deaths. In her book The American Plague: The Untold Story of Yellow Fever, The Epidemic the Shaped Our History, Molly Caldwell Crosby presents the idea that the mosquito is not just the only reason an epidemic occurred in the 18th century. This story accounts for the disease that broke out across the world and nearly destroyed almost all of North America’s population, which some believe could have been avoided by simple quarantine analysis and sanitary methods.

The United States experienced an influx of immigrants between the 1890’s to the 1920’s. Immigrants entered the United States from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe. From these demographic shifts we can also see that there were changed in the United States attitudes towards recent immigrants. These attitudes are grounded in racialized notions of foreign peoples and African Americans. Nativist notions are set in ideas of whiteness and different factors make Eastern Europe and Southern Europe immigrants not quite white.

Since America’s declaration of independence on July 4, 1776, America has continually dealt with racism and religious intolerance. Racism and religious tolerance is around However, how many of the people “native” to the United States views towards different races or groups of people has changed. Another thing that is important to note the importance of immigration patterns on which groups were targeted by racist individuals occurred at different time periods. The Catholics were viewed negatively during the founding of the country, but were virtually ignored when there was an influx in immigration of Eastern Europeans and Asians. The minorities in the United States were viewed as nuisances that needed to removed.

Where germs are mentioned it is referring to the lethal diseases which the European travellers bought over with them such as smallpox, measles and typhus. These diseases, led to a great depopulation of the new world, a world which previous ‘there was then no sickness,

The tribe took their past experiences with germs and disease outbreaks and their beliefs in the connection between the spirit world and disease to systematically deal with the presence of smallpox (81). These spiritual practices even display effects that were beneficial in stopping the spread of smallpox. One of these effects that proved beneficial in reducing the spread of smallpox within the Cherokee tribe was a practice that was common practice: social distancing. The Cherokee “counseled against traveling into disease-ridden settlements, while the smallpox ceremonies they conducted closed villages off against the outside world and helped curtail the spread of contagion” (101). Actions of quarantining the sick and reducing travel were both common practices for the Cherokee as well as a modern stance on how to prevent the spread of disease in the developed world.

The most interesting part was how the people hadn’t any idea what was the best for them, or even the Doctor’s hadn’t looked at each other 's research as thoroughly or respectfully enough to come to a legitimate conclusion about the disease. The overall descriptions provided by the author was enough to explain to the reader what had been the situation in Philadelphia 1793. Jim Murphy had spread his efforts in all of the sections in the book equally, and to the reader it would make it less complicated to understand the concepts. “An American Plague” provides a strong educational opportunity to the reader, and the path Jim Murphy had taken in writing in a memorable way gives plenty of information about the summer of 1793 in Philadelphia. The audience of this book should be for young adults, and “An American Plague” is suitable with the vocabulary, description and maturity to be exposed with certain