Essay On Water Hardness

Treating wastewater is extremely vital to the health and well-being of eco-systems all around the world. The treatment of wastewater is a fairly modern concept, though collection systems to remove foul-smelling water were common in ancient Rome, it was not until the 19th century that urbanized areas began to realize that removing the pollutants from the water that they were discharging into the environment was extremely important. (1) The reason that this became so relevant was a direct result of populations becoming so concentrated by the late 1800’s that outbreaks of life-threatening illnesses were being linked to bacteria found in the polluted water. (1) As a result of this, the practice of wastewater collection and treatment was developed

pH means “hydrogen potential”. (The carbon dioxide comes from the lungs during exhalation. Carbonic acid is a weak acid and is therefore in equilibrium with bicarbonate in solution. When sig- nificant amounts of both carbonic acid and bicarbonate are present, a buffer is formed, because they neutralize each other.) Under normal circumstances, there’s much more bicarbonate present than car- bonic acid (the ratio is about 20:1).

The trend between increasing temperature and amount of leaching was rather unexpected since the rate at which Mg2+ and Ca2+ leached out of the spinach cells started to slow down at higher temperatures of approximately 45ºC and 50ºC. After

Another place where the pollution of water is at the critical point is Sungai Klang where the pollution really affected the community at that place due to the stinky smell that come from the river, the smell that come from the river is caused by the rubbish that block the flow of water. The pollution in Klang also cause the water source not safe for the daily use such as for washing and drinking. Industrial waste come from the industrial, the waste from the industrial such as paper, an example of industry that give impacts to the water is paper industry as it write words, drawing and printing which they used ink. Inside the ink was the ink pigment which the pigment was not soluble in water, by taking example of white ink contain titanium oxide as the pigment. The last factors that contribute to water pollution is the ballast water tank where the ships carried water together with the organism that were placed in the ballast water tank

Due to the Lewis definitions of bases and acids it is possible for chemists to predict acid-base reactions. Acoordinate covalent bond is produced by the reaction of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base. According to this theory: • Acid-any species which is capable of receiving a pair of electrons • Base-any species which is capable of donating a pair of electrons (Oxford University Press, 2016) Ammonia also known as “alkaline air” was discovered in gaseous form by Joseph Priestley in 1774.

Unfortunately vast amounts of chemicals and water are used during the various processes. The contaminated water is then released into ground, rivers and seas. Water is just one of the natural resources that are heavily polluted by the textile industry but it affects the ecosystem in a negative way. High water consumption Water is quickly becoming a scarce resource in certain countries. The textile industry uses varying amounts of good quality water in the various steps in wet processing.

Leavening agents are substances that, through the release of gases, cause doughs and batters to rise. Alkaline means that a substance has the opposite effect of an acid. Baking soda is a white alkaline powder. It contains one ingredient, sodium bicarbonate, a base that reacts by releasing carbon dioxide in the form of bubbles when it comes in contact with acids, such as buttermilk, coffee, and brown sugar. Baking soda is made from sodium

In some areas, soils contain enough calcium ions (Ca2+) and magnesium ions (Mg+2) that are attached to the negatively charged minerals in the soil to neutralise or buffer

• the type of disinfectant used ,say for considering case of disinfection by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) substantial amount of chlorite (ClO2 -) is formed which acts as a precursor or product.(Bull ,1982) • the disinfection dose, • the residual disinfection involved, • nature and conditions of disinfection • temperature, and pH, • reaction time, • nature of source water • the constituents of water (organic as well as inorganic ), and • most importantly the concentrations and properties of naturally present organic matter (NOM)in the water. Thus ,the amount of organic precursors including the algal load in the drinking water to be treated , water temperature and pH, the amount and type of chemical disinfectants, and the stage in the process

Environmental pollution through the discharge of toxic heavy metal ions considered one of the most important issues that threat all biological systems including human, animal and plant kingdoms. For this reason, several attempts have been made for effective removal of these metal ions, particularly from industrial wastewater [1, 2]. As a pollutant, mercury (Hg) regarded as an extremely poisonous heavy metal with enormous harmful effect on our health [3]. Numerous studies confirmed that sever medical diseases could be related to long term exposure to Hg2+ ions. Mercuric ions biomethylation could retain in blood and continuously deposit in some organs like kidneys, liver or brain and consequently cause chronic diseases ended with death [4, 5].

And even more than one-third of the overdraft was from deep wells. The deep groundwater table drops significantly and has exceeded 2 m per year in some areas (Wang et al, 2005). So it is urgent to take measures to deal with groundwater overdraft and at the same time protect agriculture productivity to secure food supply. Some researchers find that energy plays a significant role in deep groundwater extracting. As energy is an important input in agriculture which is used to extract groundwater for irrigation (Schoengold & Zilberman 2007; Dumler et al, 2009).

According to Dong , the concentration of hexavalent chromium was 2,000 times over the limit[1]. Water containing hexavalent chromium was flowing directly into nearby river where is a drinking water source. Chromium is kind of heavy metal pollution. Its chemicla state of +6 is named hexavalent chromium which is identified as carcinogenic by the International Agency

Basic Soda, an Essential Cleaning Solution: Basic soda is chemically sodium bicarbonate and commonly it is called the famous baking soda. It is a naturally occurring substance present in the intestine of living organism and is highly helpful in digestion and avoiding stomach disturbances as it helps living things to maintain the pH balance necessary for life and metabolism. Physically sodium bicarbonate is a white crystalline solid having no odor. It is soluble in water (93.4 g/L at 20°C and pH = 8.4) and undergoes a complete dissociation into sodium and bicarbonate ions, it is non-volatile and decomposes at temperatures greater than 50°C. Baking Soda is extracted from soda ash, also known as sodium carbonate.

Statement of the Problem Due to the approaching occurrence, the Starmall Alabang has taken its toll in becoming one of the many companies of utilizing the waste water system treatment. However, the denoting impotence of the existing waste water system treatment is a contributing worry to the operation. Purpose of the Study The analytical report aims

The pollutant from agricultural lands such as fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides and from anthropogenic activities such as mining, disposal of toxic metals, human and animal faeces, industrial, domestic, municipal wastes are continuously discharged into river, such as Vaigai, are the major casues for deterioration of water quality (Karet al,2008 and Amman et al, 2002). In order to maintain the quality of drinking water, an essential component to humans and other living