Hypothalamus And The Sympathetic Nervous System

INTRODUCTION Spinal anesthesia is the most commonly used technique for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries as it is very economical and easy to administerIntrathecal α2 agonist when used as adjunct potentiates the effect of local anaesthetics and allows a decrease in required doses.. Different drugs have been used as adjuvants to prolong the duration of intraoperative and postoperative analgesia adrenaline being the first drug used and latest being dexmedetomidine. These adjuvants have their own advantages and limitations. Efforts to find a better adjuvant are underway since long.

Often called the fight or flight reflex, stress has been known to save people’s lives, whether it be on a battlefield or some dangerous situation back home. Too much stress ultimately leads to health problems, but too little stress isn’t good for us either. When we go too long without a sharp stimulating response, the body loses its ability to handle stress properly (Tom Scheve, 2009). Somewhere between too much, and too little stress can actually be good for you, helping you perform under pressure. It is when someone cannot turn off that fight or flight feeling that it begins to show its negative effects.

The PNS contains somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls the function of internal organs like your heart, stomach, cardiac muscle, and your glands. The autonomic nervous system has an effect on the organs, muscles, and glands are all done voluntary. The autonomic nervous system can change the body temperture, send extra blood to a particular area, slow your heartbeat, and pull the stomach secretion. The somatic nervous system is made up of sensory organs and nerves that connects to the skin, also that connects to all the skeleton muscles.

When presented with uncertainty about a decision, or perceiving a threat to survival such as having to swing around a horizontally metal 1-inch pole’s axis completely with nothing to hold on to other than your hands, physiological changes in the body occur (known as the ‘fight-or-flight’ response) that are known to excite the sympathetic-division of the autonomic nervous-system into a ‘hyper-aroused’ state which is described to be “a non-specific response” to stress by Selye (1979) [reference to textbook case study on pg243]. Continuing on with Selye’s pioneered research on ‘stress’, he was able to distinguish between two different responses to ‘stress’ – a negative response would be labeled ‘distress’ and can be seen in worrying situations;

Thus, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, and the forced contractions widen the airways making it easier to breathe. Your body now releases stored energy, which allows for increased strength in muscles, and can also cause your palms to sweat, pupils to dilate, and hair to stand up. The parasympathetic division is most active during resting conditions, hence, why it can also be called, “rest and digest”. This division controls body processes during ordinary situations. It generally slows down your heart rate and decreases your blood

In the immune system, stress can lead to exacerbations in signs and symptoms such as with an autoimmune disease such as Sjogren’s

A Neuro-Immune Approach In Understanding Acute Kidney Injury Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant health concern. The primary causes of AKI are ischemia, sepsis and nephrotoxicity. Acute kidney injury is mediated by both adaptive and innate immune systems. The role of the nervous system in the activation of immune response and vice- versa is becoming a topic of interest in acute kidney injury.

Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address problems and situations. When under stress, your hormones are released and your body goes into a fight or flight response. You begin to sweat more, your heart rate and blood pressure increase, and your muscles tense. This is why stress is so detrimental to our health. Especially for African Americans, who are already at high risk for high blood pressure given that it's part of genetics.

According to National Institute of Health, stress is an internal state that people experience as they encounter changes throughout their lives. III. I have learned about the effects of stress due to my personal experience such as dealing with depression, weight gain, and being antisocial. IV. Today I will explain the physical, mental, and emotional effects of stress.

When stress becomes so prevalent in the body, it exposes the body to dangers that could ultimately lead to serious health issues or even death. Stress is something everyone has experienced before, probably everyday of their lives. It can come from the smallest things or it can occur on a larger scale. The larger scale stress can cause multiple dangers to the body, like a stroke or heart attack. These issues could come out of nowhere or they could have been developing for a long time.

The two branches of the ANS system are SNS which stands for sympathetic nervous system and the PNS which stands for parasympathetic nervous system. The SNS triggers the “fight or flight” response, it originated in the spinal cord. SNS prepares the body to put our energy and to protect it from effects of injury. SNS shuts the gut down, speeds up the heart, increases blood pressure, dilates pupils, makes more glucose available in the blood for energy. PNS is sometimes referred to as the “rest and digest” system.

As well as vasoconstriction, increased cardiac

INTRODUCTION Stress is a word derived from Latin word “Stingere” meaning to draw tight. (Mojoyinola, 2008) Stress is your body’s way of responding to any kind of demand or threat. When you feel threatened, your nervous system responds by releasing a flood of stress hormones, and including adrenaline and cortisol, which rouse the body for emergency action. Your heart pounds faster, muscles tighten, blood pressure rises, breath quickens, and your senses become sharper. These physical changes increase your strength and stamina, speed your reaction time, and enhance your focus.

On the other hand a lot of stress can backfire completely and can be a horrible thing for you. Too much stress can even cause health problems for you. According to Mayo Clinic stress can affect your physical health as well as your mental health. For physical health it can cause head and stomach aches, sleep problems, chest pain and even a change in your se drive. Stress can also affect your behavior, it can cause your to have anger outburst, social withdrawal and might even cause you to turn to drugs and alcohol.

Stress involves interaction of the person and environment. To quote a definition: “Stress is an adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical, psychological and / or behavioural deviations for organizational participants” (Luthans, 1998). Stress has generally been viewed as a set of neurological and physiological reactions that serves an adaptive function (Franken, 1994). Traditionally, stress research has been oriented toward studies involving the body's reaction to stress and the cognitive processes that influence the perception of stress. However, social perspectives of the stress response have noted that different people experiencing similar life conditions are not necessarily affected in the same manner (Pearlin, 1982).