Through an abundance of medical and historical accounts, Medical Apartheid and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks exemplify how institutional racism has shaped the lives of African Americans. From the beginning of slavery through emancipation, African Americans have overwhelmingly been at the center of unethical medical research. The vast majority of this research has been done unwillingly. For research and experimentation that received the participant’s permission, there were usually hidden elements they were unaware of. Henrietta Washington sites specific examples, ranging from experimentation on plantations to post-emancipation radiation testing on African Americans. Rebecca Skloot takes a more in depth approach and follows a family who …show more content…
She not only shed light on ways institutional racism shaped the lives of African Americans, she showed how medical researchers profited from this racism. After claiming to be in a blood deficit, John Hopkins hospital refused to give anymore to Henrietta. Proving that every patient has a specific face value. John Hopkins was renowned to some for giving free medical care to patients. In return, patients were giving them free reign of there bodies for experimentation. For any entity to profit, one must take in more than they provide. Every patient had a value, and they chose not to give Henrietta blood, simply because she was becoming a liability rather than a medical research asset. By the time of her death, Hopkins saw her as puzzle piece to science, not a human being. Skloot (2010) notes, “Not long after Henrietta’s death, planning began for a Hela factory – a massive operation that would grow to produce trillions of HeLa cells each week. It was built for one reason: to help stop polio” (p. 93). This is the profit that Hopkins strives to make from its patients. The free healthcare was by no means created to be on a moral high ground; instead it was created to excel medical research. HeLa has been used to support a multi-trillion dollar health industry, and Henrietta’s family has not profited in the slightest sense. Years after Henrietta’s death, the creation of a polio vaccine, and various medical advancements, her family is still suffering from conditions that are easily fixable. While conversing amongst the Lacks, Rebecca (2010) notices, “Day hadn’t left the house in nearly a week because of a nosebleed that wouldn’t stop. Now he stood in the doorway in faded jean, a flannel shirt, and blue plastic flip-flops, even though it was January. He was thin and frail, barely able to hold himself upright
From then on, she began seeing a doctor in John Hopkins hospital for check-ups and treatments for cervical cancer. During one of her treatments, a doctor took a sample of her “knot” and passed it on to another doctor in the building to test it. This doctor was named George Gey, and he was trying to make the first immortal human cell line. However, every time he tried, it just did not seem to work. When Gey’s assistants began to grow Henrietta 's cells, they expected them to just die.
Millions of people have benefitted from the vaccines, such as the Salk polio vaccine, through the help public health system as well. Unfortunately positive benefits of the HeLa cells were not received by everyone involved. Although Henrietta passed away, there was no consent or compensation offered to her family when the testing and discovery of the cells effects occurred. It took over twenty years for her family to even discover that Henrietta’s cells were being produced, sold, and tested. This left Henrietta’s family in great shock, especially her daughter Deborah.
I have always had a passion for learning about how the human body operates. I want to take my knowledge and assist patients in their process to get back to good health. If anything, this book has caused me to want to become a health care provider even more. Henrietta’s experience at John Hopkins was an unfortunate situation. The doctors probably did not expect her cells to be as advantageous as they were, but they still should have asked for her consent.
Poverty also led the Lacks 's family to injustice for them and their mother 's cells because they simply couldn 't afford a lawyer. The book says, "So in attempt to get Hopkins to give them what they saw as their cut of the HeLa profits they made handouts about Henrietta Lack 's family being owed their due, and gave them to customers at Lawrence 's store". This illustrates that although Lawrence and Sonny couldn 't afford a lawyer, the next best thing was to spread the word, and also shows how they just had to make do with what they had. Rebecca Skloot shows how poverty was a major problem for the Lacks 's family in, "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks". Ranging from medical problems to being an easy target to having injustice.
Kallen Brunson In the article, “How Race becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality” by Clarence C. Gravlee, Gravlee argues that race, and the assumption of race in everyday life, makes the difference in biology much more clear and affects the life cycles of people due to their perceived race (Gravlee, 51). The author provides, using both his research and others’, an argument against the complete notion that race is only a social construct (Gravlee, 53). Through a series of statements, Gravlee states that race shouldn’t simply be excluded from anthropological discussion, but incorporated into present views regarding healthcare and impacts on society.
They wanted her cells to conduct more research because it has the ability to grow up very quickly. Henrietta’s cells witch they call it HeLa cells have benefited the humankind. One example, by using her cells, the scientists could get rid of the Polio Virus, and they developed Polio’s vaccine. After 24 years, the Henrietta’s
Bushra Pirzada Professor Swann Engh-302 October 4th 2015 Rhetorical Analysis: The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks written by Rebecca Skloot tells the story of a woman named Henrietta Lacks who has her cervical cancer. It further goes to tell the audience how Henrietta altered medicine unknowingly. Henrietta Lacks was initially diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1951; however, the doctors at John Hopkins took sample tissues from her cervix without her permission. The sample tissues taken from Henrietta’s cervix were used to conduct scientific research as well as to develop vaccines in the suture.
Peter Strople once said, “Legacy is not something one leaves to people, it's something one leaves in people.” Henrietta Lacks’ legacy is her cells and how they helped hundreds of people. Henrieta Lacks is an African American woman who died from cervical cancer and her cancerous cells were taken from her without her consent. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot expresses the central issues of ethics and race through various literary devices. Henrietta’s story highlights the systemic racism and exploitation that has occurred in the medical field.
The Tuskegee Institute opened the first factory that mass produced the cells, but they were a non-profit. It was a long time after Henrietta’s death that anyone started making money off of her cells. If the family wanted to sue anyone, it would not be Johns Hopkins Hospital; it would be the institutions now mass producing the cells. Second, the fact that the family cannot afford health insurance is a separate matter and I do not think it has anything to do with Henrietta’s cells. As I stated previously, Henrietta’s cells were not the only samples taken by patients from Johns Hopkins Hospital or any hospital in the country for that
Participation Portfolio 1 Asst 3: Henrietta Lacks Discussion Questions Please answers each of the following questions, and be prepared to discuss in class 1. Please outline the history of Henrietta Lacks 's tissue cells. Who did what with the cells, when, where and for what purpose? Who benefited, scientifically, medically, and monetarily?
Racism in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Imagine your mother, sister, wife, or cousin was diagnosed with cervical cancer and you believed the doctors were doing everything in their power to help her. Only later you discovered her cells were used for research without consent and she was not properly informed of the risks of her treatment due to her race. This story happened and is told by Rebecca Skloot in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Skloot use of narrative and her writing style enhances the understanding of the story. Henrietta Lacks was a young black woman who was diagnosed with cervical cancer at John Hopkins Hospital.
Scientific racism is the use of pseudo science which is science based off of bias and stereotypes. consequently , pseudo science tends to be the reason why African Americans do not go to the doctor. They base their trust on fake news and not actual facts, causing them to stay away from help systems in the medical field. Scientific racism is the use of pseudoscience which is science based off of bias and stereotypes. Scientific racism derived between the 1600’s and WWII.
Racism in the Medical Field Racism has existed in the medical field for over 2,500 years. Where people of certain races, religions, and genders are all discriminated against by the people in this world who are supposed to help them. Doctors take an oath to treat all patients with equity, yet still some patients are prone to bigoted racism. However it goes the other way as well, even doctors experience racial prejudice by patients and their families.
Over the course of the semester I started maintaining a health journal and updated as much as I could almost every day. I thought the activity would be strenuous, but it highly contributed in my diagnosis as I could simply refer to the symptoms I had experienced over a duration and not be caught off guard as I usually am whenever a doctor asked me what kind of symptoms I had been experiencing. I will cite the major events that occurred and how I went about this treatment whether in hospitals or just in a clinic. Full disclosure, I have always been lactose intolerant, I am allergic to peanut butter and my family has a history of diabetes. The first major incident happened on March 4, on my friend’s birthday, it was a jovial time with plenty
Less than half a century ago, it was an open secret that blacks, and other minorities, received inferior care compared to their Caucasian counterparts. African Americans were unofficially banned from joining any significant medical society directly because of their race. In fact, the American Medical Association apologized for their discriminatory practices against African Americans, with the term “Medical Apartheid” being used to coin these processes (Sidhu). The case of Henrietta Lacks gives some insight into the discrimination of minorities in the United States. In 1951, when Henrietta was on the verge of death, her caretakers and doctors completely disregarded the privacy of her very own DNA and medical situation.