Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Lab Report

Dr. Colleen Winters – BIO 655 Vishall G. Kaistha TITLE: “Recombination-Directed DNA Repair Promote Homologous Stimulating Transcription of Genes That That Preserves Genomic Integrity by MEN1 Is a Melanoma Tumor Suppressor”.

Identification of bacteria within Unknown Culture #21 In this experiment, an unknown culture of two different types of bacteria was assigned to each person, a number of tests were performed to isolate and identify these bacterial cells. Based on knowledge from the previous experiments completed in lab, a basic understanding of each type of bacteria was used to create a flow chart that would aid the process of identifying the unknown bacteria within the culture. A gram stain that is performed initially will narrow down the types of tests certain bacteria will and will not respond to. In addition to the gram stain, some of the tests that were used include, a catalase test, an Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar test, a bile esculin test, and a 6.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) test.

At a level of significance of 0.05 the researcher is accepting a possible type I error 5 cases out of a 100 and 95 cases out of 100 a true null hypothesis (Loiselle et al., 2011). Step 3: Selection of one-tailed or two-tailed test The selection for a one-tailed or two-tailed test is not required for a Chi-Square for independence test (Salkind, 2013). Chi-Square test has both variables that are of a categorical level of measurement therefore, there is no direction (Salkind, 2013). Step 4:

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (yeast)is a single cell eukaryotic organism that is a fungi. It digests food to obtain energy for growth and gets it mostly from sugars like sucrose, fructose and glucose and maltose. When sugar is present, yeast conducts fermentation to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide by creating a chemical energy. In yeast, high sugar concentrations and high specific growth rates trigger alcoholic fermentation, even under fully aerobic conditions.

Also, they are used for threat to AIDS patients who have a compromised immune system. Why they need to be studied - They are studied as they are used in baking , brewing and wine fermentation and to study how they can be used for treatments. Example - Yeasts,cup fungi,septate

Bacteria can be found on most surfaces, especially in the school environment. According to the NSF, a singular water fountain contains 2,700,000 colony forming units of bacteria per square inch, that’s more than an average toilet. By sharing supplies and switching classes everyday, the spread of bacteria can happen rapidly. Schools are a playground full of bacteria and through testing several surfaces, the results will show which contains the most bacteria. My original question starting this lab was will the technology have more bacteria due to how much people use them?

With the 4 bags we performed 32 trials of drawing one from each, without looking, and recording the phenotype into a table as seen in Figure 4, and placed the chip back into its corresponding bag. It was important that we returned the chips back to it’s bag and didn’t leave it out because it would have increased the probability to obtain certain results in the lab, not making it an accurate trial. We kept the red and yellow chips separate from the green and blue chips to reinforce Mendel’s idea of the Law of Segregation, the idea that traits/alleles from parents to offspring do not mix or blend, but are separate and discrete from each other. Each offspring/organism receives and or inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent, that are separate from each other, not blended together. The predicted phenotype ratios were very close in comparison to the actual phenotype ratios in the cross, as the outcome was only off by a select few numbers.

I predicted that the control would have a higher alcohol content than the experimental since beta and alpha amylase are working together. Since only Alpha-Amylase worked in the experimental, there was probably bigger carbohydrates present in the flask, therefore, there was a lower alcohol percentage since yeast can’t digest bigger sugars. b. My results also matched my prediction regarding mean reducing carbohydrate levels during the mashing process between the control and the experimental. My prediction stated that there would be less reducing carbohydrate ends in the experimental, which was proven in the data table.

5 water bath were set up each to10 °C. (5 were used do the experiment faster) 5 cm3 of starch solution were added into the 5 test tubes that were labeled test tubes. Then 5 cm3 of amylase enzyme was added into the other 5 test tubes that were labeled. Put one of the starch solution test tube (preferably the one labeled 1) and one of the test tube containing amylase into the water bath (10 °C).

Maha Giundi Dr. Christos Dimos SCI4061 March 26, 2015 Lab Exercise 7: The Fungi: Molds and Yeasts Purpose: The purpose of this lab experiment is to observe examples of asexual and sexual structures of different types of fungal structures. This experiment is to also compare and contrast sexual structures of the three major fungi divisions; zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota. Hypothesis: I expect that the three sexual structures of fungi will appear to be visibly different and reflect the shapes they are known to have.

Sugar/ glucose is an important carbohydrate that can be made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. Carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product when energy is released by the breaking down of glucose. This can be used by plant cells in the process of photosynthesis to form new carbohydrates. Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can break down sugars (glucose) to help produce carbon dioxide. Research Question

Protein synthesis Introduction Translation or protein synthesis is a central process of central dogma of molecular biology. It deals with production of proteins or chains of amino acids by making use of a mRNA as a template, ribosomes as protein synthesizing machinery and tRNA’s as carriers of amino acids during the translation process Living cells devote about 90 % of their chemical energy to synthesis of proteins and only about 10 % to other biosynthetic processes. More than 35% of the dry weight of the cell consists of ribosomes, proteins involved in translation process and tRNA molecules. This suggests that protein synthesis is an important process for the survival of microorganisms

Joshua Miller 12/18/17 Fermentation Lab report Introduction The term fermentation refers to the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat (wikipedia). Sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol when fermentation happens. In this experiment we determined if yeast cells undergo fermentation when placed in a closed flask with no oxygen. Glucose and yeast are mixed together in a closed flask and allowed to incubate for about one hour.

If the calculated chi-square value is greater than the value at 0.05, we accept the hypothesis. Otherwise we reject the hypothesis. There’s actually not much we can conclude as it is floating on the threshold of

When a fungi reproduces a sexual , the DNA splits and makes clones. In this experiment , mold cells undergo a asexual reproduction through multiple or increase space of blue , black color or fuzz on the bread. Mold cells can undergo reproduction sexually , " When conditions are right , specialized hyphae from two compatible individuals fuse. "(Wearing, 2010). This results in , a production of a individual spore with DNA from both.