The Selective Laziness Of Reasoning

Within social psychology lies the study of attitudes and stereotypes. These phenomena include a type of bias known as implicit bias; the term implicit bias describes attitudes towards people or associate stereotypes with them without conscious knowledge. We can measure this type of bias through the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Go/No Association Test (GNAT), Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), Evaluative Priming Task, Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). Each measure has their own strengths and weaknesses; this essay will compare the Implicit Association Test to the Go/no-go Association Test and will conclude why IAT is a greater way of measuring bias in contrast to GNAT.

Christopher Morley achieves his purpose in the essay On Laziness by acting as though he himself is being lazy, and he also explains how laziness could enhance everyday life. Throughout this essay, he references two different people who somehow benefitted from laziness. He occasionally fails to explain his points though, which may be due to his facade of being lazy. The author seems to act lazy in this essay, frequently stopping before he fully expresses his reasoning behind his examples and leaving out some much needed detail.

The author states that the one of the many flaws in a democracy is the fact that people have the right to vote without having knowledge on the subject. He understands that people make decisions based off their morals, not on the knowledge they have on a subject. Keohane adds that as a self-defense mechanism people, when they are faced with a mental conflict that occurs where their beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information; this is called cognitive dissonance. He goes on to explain the theory of motivated reasoning, which is where people have two facts presented to them where one fact contradicts their principals, and they end up choosing the fact that is closest to their ideals. According to Keohane people with higher self-esteem are more likely to acknowledge new information than people with insecurities.

How a person acquires fundamental opinions has been a controversial topic for generations. Some people claim that a person’s opinion is inborn. Others theorize that a person’s opinion is learned. However, most will agree that a person’s surroundings, environment, and history have a great impact on their worldly views. One’s environment can be described as where they live, where they spend their time, the place where they attend school or work, who they live with, and who they associate with.

This is the understanding that all people need; the understanding of both their own opinion and the arguments against their opinion

Psychologist Irving Janis explained some alarmingly bad decisions made by governments and businesses coined the term "groupthink”, which he called "fiascoes.” He was particularly drawn to situations where group pressure seemed to result in a fundamental failure to think. Therefore, Janis further analyzed that it is a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members ' striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. According to Janis, groupthink is referred as the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups.

From this we can see how social classes impact people's views on others. Simon Glass

Philosophy is a field that attempts to discover answers to various concepts pertaining to human life. One major concept focuses on the question of moral responsibility. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities is one such theory that tries to answer the question of when an individual should be held responsible for their actions. However, this principle falls short in explaining certain situations. Some situations fall into a grey area for this principle, where an individual can be responsible or not.

In the article, “The Indispensable Opposition,” author, Walter Lippmann, argues his claim that we must view the freedom of oppositions as a way to improve our decisions in a democratic society rather than just tolerating that freedom of speech. When freedom of speech is tolerated and only seen as a right to speak, Lippmann believes that the liberty of opinion becomes a luxury. Moving forward, Lippmann then states that we must understand that the freedom of speech for our opponents are a vital necessity since it provides our own opinions to grow in improvement. Through practical experience, we realize we need the freedom of opposition and is no longer just our opponent ’s right.

Critical thinking involves skillfully analyzing and assessing thoughts, using abstract ideas to interpret thoughts effectively, and coming to well reasoned conclusions. Peter Elbow’s proposal is different than what we ordinarily call critical thinking because the doubting game is “seeing” while critical thinking is “looking for.” When people think critically, they question others, they want to see all evidence involved that supports their argument, and they want to answer all questions involving their side of the argument. Critical thinkers tend to stay on the side of an argument that seems more logical or that makes the most sense to them without trying to believe the side that seems illogical. They look for the flaws in the other argument rather than looking at their own through the eyes of the individual with the opposing idea.

Christopher Morley writes an essay on how we, as human beings don’t like the idea of being lazy. However, in his essay On Laziness, Morley writes a completely different view on laziness. By using didactic vocabulary such as “The man who is really, thoroughly, and philosophically slothful is the only thoroughly happy man.” Morley uses the word “slothful” and transforms it into a completely different meaning like, enlightenment. Christopher Morley’s purpose for, On Laziness is to communicate to every reader and audience by using many different rhetorical strategies whether it be ethos, pathos, logos, specific diction, and tone.

In his essay, “On Laziness”, Christopher Morley persuades his audience that laziness is a virtuous trait rather than a shameful one through the use of irony, diction, historical allusions, and logical reasoning. Morley utilizes irony to describe the consequences of having a good work ethic. He states, “We have been hustling about for a number of years now, and it doesn’t seem to get us anything but tribulation…. It is the bustling man who always get put on committees, who is asked to solve the problems of other people and neglect his own.” The irony in this statement is that as people try hard to prove that they are responsible beings, they bury themselves in piles of responsibility even though they do not want it.

Society 's Beauty Standards Hawkins (2017) stated that the definition of beauty has been shaped by society 's standards instead of what people actually look like. It signifies that the society sets up expectations of how we define beauty by manipulating beliefs of people to recognize that body shape, skin color, race, ethnicity, or anglicized features are what makes a person distinguish their beauty instead of what people actually look like in reality. This makes people believe that the beauty that they see, especially in films, is something that they need to attain in order to be considered as attractive. Unrealistic beauty standards affects physical and mental health Vitelli (2013) stated that content analysis of female characters

3.1.5 The last psychological factor is attitude. An attitude shows that a person’s relatively consist evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or idea. For example, our phone buyer gadgets hold attitudes such as “Buy the best“, the Apple products has become the best electronics products in the world. So that, a person’s attitude can help themselves to recognize what is good and what is no good for our daily life. 3.2 PERSONAL

Behaviour is the way in which we act, speak and treat other people and our environment. Children and young people whose early social and emotional development is positive are more likely to make friends, settle well into school and understand how to behave appropriately in different situations. They have strong self- esteem and a sense of self- worth, but also have a feeling of empathy for others. They understand what the boundaries are, and why they are necessary. Behaviour has a significant impact on current and later success for children and young people, in terms of their social skill development, education and employment.