Throughout evolution, plants have developed various mechanisms to attract animals for reproduction and to deter herbivore for survival. Many plant species possess traits to attract animals, or pollinators, for reproduction. Not all plants require pollinators for pollination. Grasses and many conifers are wind pollinated, and pollination by water commonly occurs among aquatic plants (Faegri & Van Der Pijl, 2013). This mechanism is known as abiotic pollination. In biotic pollination, however, pollinators are required to carry pollen grains from the anther to a stigma (Faegri & Van Der Pijl, 2013). While insects are most common pollinators, some species of birds and bats, such as hummingbirds and fruit bats, participate in pollination. Consequently, …show more content…
The strategy used by corns to repel their enemies illustrates how the indirect defense mechanism works in plants. When they are attacked by the larvae of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, corns release volatiles that attract wasps, Cotesia marginiventris (Degenhardt, 2009). The wasps lay eggs in the leafworm larvae, and the wasp larvae develop inside the larvae of the leafworm and eventually kill them upon hatching (Degenhardt, 2009). In the plant defense mechanisms, although some produce toxins to kill their predators, it is more common that plants repel herbivores rather than killing them, largely due to their mobility in insect herbivores (Kant et al., 2015). In case of attacks by pathogens, including fungi or bacteria, plants can build mechanical protection, such as the thickening of the cell wall, produce toxins, such as alkaloids, or undergo apoptosis in the infected area to kill the pathogens (Kant et al., 2015). However, because insect herbivores are mobile, such measures do not work, and plants must cope by alternative measures, including repelling them or delaying the growth of individual herbivores or their population (Kant et al., …show more content…
A., & Molina, J. (2016). The ethnobotany of psychoactive plant use: a phylogenetic perspective. PeerJ, 4, e2546. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2546 Blow, W. T. (2013). The Biological Basis of Clinical Observations (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Degenhardt, J. (2009). Indirect Defense Responses to Herbivory in Grasses. Plant Physiology, 49, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.128975 Faegri, K. & Van Der Pijl, L. (2013). The Principles of Pollination Ecology (3rd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Perganom Press. Fürstenberg-Hägg, J., Zagrobelny, M., & Bak, S. (2013). Plant Defense against Insect Herbivores. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(5), 10242–10297. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510242 Kant, M. R., Jonckheere, W., Knegt, B., Lemos, F., Liu, J., Schimmel, B. C. J., … Alba, J. M. (2015). Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities. Annals of Botany, 115(7), 1015–1051. http://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv054 Mathre, R.N. (1997). Cannabis in Medical Practice A Legal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. Pate, D.W. (1994). Chemical ecology of Cannabis. International Hemp Association 2(29),
Francesca Agobe Section-17 BRASSICA RAPA INTERACTIONS WITH INTRASPECEFIC COMPETITION AMOUNG HIGH AND LOW DENSITY VARIABLE POPULATIONS Abstract Competition occurs in plants when there are a limited number of resources. Certain traits that affect advantages or disadvantages in between organisms. Our hypothesis for our experiment that intraspecific competition in low and high density treatments would affect height and survivorship for Brassica rapa.
Alien plants include flowers used only for the purpose of landscaping and plants that hail from other regions that are not from the desert. Humans are the ringmasters of furthering the spread of invasive species. 90% of the cause of tortoise decline is obtained from human activity. Nonnative seeds attach to our vehicles, clothes, and pets. Consequently, the seeds fall on native soil and occupy vacant space, preventing native plants to grow properly.
Predators then eat the animals who eat the plants and each
Back in the early twentieth century, marijuana was mainly used for medical purposes in the US. Now, both it 's recreational and medical use is increasingly being consumed by the population and the tendency is to continue increasing. Much has been said about the use of marijuana as a solution to different health problems, and although not everything that is said is true, it cannot be ignored that marijuana can help in the treatment of some cases of adult patients. CNN’s chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, was opposed to the medicinal use of cannabis. Based on his knowledge as a neurologist, he was convinced that the drug was dangerous and had dismissed its supposed therapeutic benefits.
The mimosa is a prime subject for this testing as its reflex behavior is observably quick enough to document the reactions; upon contact, the fernlike leaves of the plant recoil from the touch. This behavior is likely used as a defense mechanism to scare off insects but in the study, it was used to measure the plants’ responses and help to conclude if they were adapting to the conditions. The experiment Gagliano conducted tested nearly five dozen mimosa plants’ reactions to being dropped a small distance every few seconds. Gagliano noted how the organisms initially reacted by folding up but after only a few drops, the leaves began to reopen. The ecologist took this as evidence that the mimosa plants recognized that there was no harm in this particular movement and “had concluded that the stimulus could be safely ignored” (Pollan).
As a nation we have come to point where we must take a unified stand on the issue of marijuana. Since 1937 the drug has been deemed illegal by the U.S. government but over the best decade, people have been pushing for the decriminalization of the cannabis plant. As a non drug user, i have researched the internet in search of unbiased information regarding the drugs health, economic, and crime influences on society. The fruits of my labor have brought me to the undisputable conclusion that our continued restriction on possession and use of the drug not only violates the liberties of U.S. citizens, but it also is costing Americans Billions of dollars, and something, our lives.
Jeri Ward Professor Lyn Froehlich English 1101 30 September 2015 Pesticides and the Death of Pollinators Our world as we know it may not exist in the near future. Right now, pesticides are eradicating pollinators by the thousands. These essential organisms are the major way that plants are able to reproduce. If pollinators are eliminated, the earth will lose a significant amount of vegetation, resulting in a considerable deficit of oxygen and precipitation.
Pesticides and How it Works Abstract: A pest is "a plant or creature unfavorable to people or human concerns". Pesticide is Chemical or natural substance intended to slaughter or retard the development of pests that harm or meddle with the development of products, bushes, trees, timber and other vegetation coveted by people. Keywords: Antimicrobials, Antimicrobials, Herbicides Introduction:
The article describes the two main compounds of marijuana, THC and CBD, and the few synthetic varieties available in the United States and Canada. Cavalet proves the different conditions that have evidence for marijuana treatment and the conditions that do not. The purpose of this article is to present the real risks and benefits associated with marijuana. The intended audience for this article is medical personnel or those with knowledge on the
Marijuana, also known as Cannabis, is derived from the Cannabis plant and is used commonly for either recreational or medical purposes. Marijuana is composed of chemicals such as tetrahydrocannabinol (HTC, and over eighty cannabinoids. Marijuana is acknowledged for providing smokers with a “high” feeling. Since the twentieth century, this illicit drug has been banned across the world. However, over the past few years studies have been conducted on marijuana and the results show that it can actually be helpful in many different areas of society.
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is a depressant drug that affects the central nervous system. There are around 500 chemicals within natural marijuana but
Name: Stephen Mastro Current Event Directions: Using good sources like Gale Databases, SIRS,Google News, NY Times, etc. fill out the worksheet. Please submit it to turnitin.com by Monday night 11:59 PM Issue: Should marijuana be legalized or not. I: Define the Problem: Why is this an issue in America today?
The answer- plants have developed many important behavioural and physiological methods not shared
Recently the use of medical marijuana has become a very controversial topic among the community and government. Marijuana has a stereotype with hippies and drug offences, often leading to its medical benefits being overlooked consequently marijuana is only rarely given to patients with extreme conditions. It is not being used efficiently as well as not being used to its potential. Several states in Australia still consider the use of medical marijuana a prohibited act and the few states and territories that don’t prohibit the drug only allow the use for medical conditions. However, it is very restricted regarding who can access the medicine.
Introduction Plants are a major necessity in the balance of nature, people’s lives, and our terrain. We may not realize it, but plants are the ultimate source of food for almost 95% of the world population so says the National Group of Food. It’s a fact that over 7,000 species of plants are being consumed today. Plants are one of the reasons that we get clean water; as they help regulate the water cycle.