Raman Microscopic Analysis of a Multi-Pigmented Surface from the Theban Tomb (TT277), Luxor, Egypt
H.H. Marey Mahmoud
Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
(Received October 22, 2012; in nal form January 9, 2013)
In this study, the Raman microscopy technique was employed for identifying a multi-pigmented surface from the wall decorations of the Theban tomb (TT277), Luxor, Egypt. The Raman spectra were collected in the near infrared excitation line (785 nm Linefocus) of a diode laser source which enables mapping scan of specic areas in only few minutes. The microstructure and microanalysis of samples were performed by the aid of an environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with an
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Traces of anatase were found in the yellow coloured areas which can be a contaminant in natural iron oxide deposits. The ground layer was identied as anhydrite with minor amounts of calcium carbonates detected in some samples. The results showed the capability of the Raman microscopy for direct and fast identication of multi-pigmented surfaces in wall paintings and other decorative objects.
DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.123.782
PACS: 82.80.Gk
1. Introduction
The ancient city of Thebes is located on the western bank of the Nile River, about 650 km south of Cairo. The typical (elite) Theban tomb type is the rock-cut tomb that consists of two main parts, the underground burial chamber, most often undecorated and there is the deco- rated chapel accessible for the living [1]. At Thebes, the quality of stone is scarce, and therefore most of the tomb chapels were plastered and painted rather than decorated with reliefs. The Egyptians began serious colour manu- facture from about 4000 BC. They introduced
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The Raman spectroscopy allows the identication of homogeneous materials on the basis of their molecular vibrational spectra, obtained by excitation with visible laser light. This spectroscopy is based on the Raman ef- fect, which concerns to the molecular structure of the objects under analysis. When a monochromatic light impacts on a material, the light is scattered. Most of the scattered light has the same wavelength as the inci- dent light (the Rayleigh scattering) and a small portion is shifted in wavelength due to molecular vibrations and rotations (the Raman scattering) [8]. With this spectro- scopic technique, it is possible to analyze particles in the micron order and to identify species at molecular level with minimum or no preparation at all. In micro-Raman spectroscopy, the laser beam is focused by means of a microscope objective, employing a backscattering con-
guration; thus, the Raman scattered light is collected within the cone dened by the same objective [9]. Since the discovery of the Raman eect, instrumental improve- ments have continued to give new impulses to the Ra- man spectroscopic research such as are the
The cuvette was placed in the spectrophotometer with the arrows, on both the cuvette and the SpectroVis, facing the same side. After the recording, the cuvette was removed from the SpectroVis and the content was poured back into the original volumetric flask. The absorbance as well as the maximum wavelength of each solution was recorded in Table 3 and
It was usually decorated with gold for the higher class, and copper for the lower class. Along the outside of the tomb would be a story of the person 's life written in hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics were the writing system used by the Ancient Egyptians and they were pictures or symbols that represented a story of one 's life. Finally, the Egyptians held huge ceremonies for the burying of a body into a tomb. A tomb had a large luxuriant room where only family members were allowed to visit the Sarcophagus.
1.The name for the Egyptian art piece is named Menkaure and a Queen and is measured at 4 feet 8 inches high and located at Museum of Fine Arts,Boston. Its medium is Greywacke previously supplemented with some red/black paint. http://arthistoryresources.net/menkaure/menkauredescription.html The title of the Grecian art piece is Metropolitan Kouros and is measured at 6 ft. high and located Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
In Ancient Egypt, the temples were all constructed from stone because the gods were to live in these temples for all of eternity and lack of wood. The temple walls were covered with inscriptions and images. They were often historical events, such as important events at the temple or of the pharaoh’s reign. The Temple of Dendur depicted Pihor worshipping Isis and Pedesi worshipping Osiris as well as Emperor Augustus praying and offering the gods. Traditionally, the drawings would’ve been of the pharaoh.
It was also restored using pieces discovered during the excavation, so it does not have the rough feel of the cave wall painting. Because of the bronze material, it has a smoother
The tomb of thutmose is said to be one of the most sophisticated of any of the tombs found in the valley of kings. Thutmose the III tomb was found by Victor Loret in 1898. One of the most influential pharaohs found in the valley of kings is Ramesses the II also known as Ramesses the great. Though sadly one of the largest tombs in the valley of kings is also the most degrading and has been ravished by flooding several times. The tomb of Ramesses and his sons was found by Ernesto Schiaparelli in
Temple of Hatshepsut - “The Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt from around 1479 BC until her death in 1458 BC.” Bent Pyramid-located at Dahshur was the second pyramid built by pharaoh Sneferu. Step Pyramid of Djoser - at the Saqqara necropolis was the very first pyramid built by the ancient Egyptians. Luxor temple - located on the east bank of the River Nile in the ancient city of Thebes and was founded in 1400 BC during the New Kingdom. Great Sphinx-Located at the Giza Plateau, The Great Sphinx is one of the largest and oldest
Thutmose III had one of the most sophisticated tombs in the Valley of the Kings. The tomb however was robbed and badly damaged, but even then Thutmose III not only wanted to be remembered for his ferocious army but also for his architecture and art, this is why he added model boats, pottery, tools, wooden statues and plaques. Thutmose III took advantage of the generated wealth from the conquests and decorated Egypt with massive structures that would keep his legacy
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices were vital for uncovering what life was like for the people of ancient Egypt. These practices offer a great deal of information into the lifestyle of the Egyptians showing non-material and material aspects of their culture. Investigating Ancient Egyptian funerary practices provides an insight into their society, providing relevant information relating to features of funerary art and religion. A close study of tomb art used in ancient Egyptian funerary practices will demonstrate the importance of religion to the culture and daily lives of ancient Egyptians.
1. Both evolutions in the burial architecture have sort of the same meaning as for as having a special way to lay a royal body. In Kostof’s text, he refers to The Burial of Kings from the Cenotaphs of the early Pharaohs at Abydos as a chambered roof in timber and topped with a head of sand containing a brick shell (as shown on fig. 414a, pg.71.) Egyptians believed in life after death and made sure to build a tomb to where it was very significant. With The Pyramids at Giza , Kostof explains that each pyramid had a different meaning.
The artifact appears to be taken from a wall in perhaps a residence or a community space. There are several pieces of the artifact, but the one I am choosing to use is rectangular and is approximately 2 feet in width by 8 feet in length. Based on the cracks at the end of the mural, the base of the mural appears to be made from some form concrete. The mural has a form of paint in various colors. Although the most predominant color is red, there are also shades of pink, green, blue and yellow.
Mythological animals “lived” on 3000 years old bronzes Zihan Zhong In this gallery, viewers will get a basic knowledge of different kind of patterns on the bronzes in the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties and their meaning with real examples in front of them. In the thousands of years of Chinese history, bronze is one of the most important material. In about 19th century BCE, China enters the era of Bronze and in the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, its development enters the heyday stage. The manufactured bronzes had a wide variety of range in the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty.
Guided Art Tour: Ancient Near East and Egypt The “Queen of the Night” relief, 1800-1750 B.C.E., Old Babylonian, Baked straw-tempered clay, 49 x 37 x 4.8 cm, Southern Iraq. The “Queen of the Night” relief, also known as “The Burney” relief, is a large plaque that “most likely” originated from Southern Iraq. Although it is difficult to determine the authenticity of an unexcavated object, the thermoluminescence testing that had been carried out; confirmed that this plaque had been created between 1800 to 1750 B.C.E. The relief of this plaque represents a goddess supported by two lions, and wedged between two standing owls. The reason why this nude female figure represents a goddess is due to the ringed rods held on each hand, the horned headdress,
The geology of old Egypt
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION Morphological description of M. purpureus Monascus purpureus (Went) is a homothallic fungus belongs to the group of Ascomycetes (family Monascaceae). Growth on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), mycelium is white in the early stage then rapidly changes to a rich pink with soluble pigment diffuse in medium (A). Pedicellate ascomata with ascospores (B &C). Monascus purpureus produced spherical ascospores of 5 microns in diameter (D) as shown in fig.1.