Albert Bandura Inflatable Clown Experiment

Obscura: Critical Analysis The Holocaust was a tragic event to say the least. Millions of innocent people killed, but how? In the second chapter of Lauren Slater’s book, Opening Skinner’s Box, an experiment is described that attempts to explain the mysteries of obedience and authority.

In 1963, Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a controversial, but highly revered, study on obedience. The experiment was designed to test people’s morals versus an extreme authority, but, as predicted, obedience prevailed. Then in 1973, Philip G. Zimbardo created his own experiment, not unlike Milgram’s, that analyzed the potential of individuals to withstand the pressure of succumbing to an obedient role based on the environment. Both Stanley Milgram, author of “The Perils of Obedience,” and Philip Zimbardo, author of “The Stanford Prison Experiment,” conducted these experiments to show how an ordinary person’s obedience could be affected based off of the situation they are put in.

For this paper, I chose to write about the Little Albert experiment The overall importance of this study was to discover if a human could be conditioned to develop a bias, fear, or generalized fear of an animal, object, or person based the stimuli placed around the involved person, animal or object. Watson & Rayner (1920) suggested that “in infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few, consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there must be some simple method by means of which the range of stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds is greatly increased.” This means that before any conditioning occurs, the subject should have a pure response, but after minor and simple experimentation and conditioning,

This essay will discuss the role of ecological validity in psychological research, drawing on material from the DE100 textbook ‘Investigating Psychology’. It will begin by giving a description of what ecological validity is, and consider it in relation to different examples of research. The research used to discuss the role of ecological validity will be based around social learning and aggression, behaviourism, and memory. Firstly the study of Bandura et al. will be considered, his experiments on children copying violent behaviours using the Bobo doll experiment.

Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted an experiment on the influence of

"Study Links Spanking Kids To Aggression, Language Problems." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 12 Oct.

Name : Muhammed Irshad Madonna ID : 250509 Subject : Medical Ethics Due Date : 8/01/2018 Paper : 1-The Milgram Experiment The Stanley Milgram Experiment is a famous study about obedience in psychology which has been carried out by a Psychologist at the Yale University named, Stanley Milgram. He conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In July 1961 the experiment was started for researching that how long a person can harm another person by obeying an instructor.

In conclusion, air pressure has a direct influence on the distance that the ball will travel when thrown. The hypothesis stated that if pressure is added to the football, then the distance the ball projects will increase when distance is a function of pressure. Based on the data that was collected from the experiment, the hypothesis was supported. When the football had more air inside, it went the farthest distance compared to the other two pressures that data was collected from.

Bandura (1971) believed that behaviour was a learnt response and not inherent. This theory could be used to explained why people adopt antisocial behaviour. Bandura (1965) carried out a study known as the ‘Bobo doll studies’ in which children observed adult models behaving aggressively towards the doll and then they were asked to interact with the doll in order to see whether they adopted the aggressive behaviour. In these studies, the children not only became more aggressive but accurately imitated every aspect of the adult models behaviour including; the use of the same weapon, performing the same motor movements towards the same targets and saying the same hostile statements (Powell, Symbaluk & Honey, 2009; Bandura

In 1920, Watson and Rayner used infant Albert B. “Little Albert” in an unprecedented experiment of conditioned fear (Watson & Rayner, 1920). Little Albert was discharged from the experiment as an infant and his real identity and welfare remained a mystery until Beck, Levinson & Irons published their identity findings in 2009 (Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2009). According to Beck et al. (2009) , Little Albert (Douglas Merritte), had developed hydrocephalus after the study and died.

In the book, Opening Skinner’s Box, by Lauren Slater is a really interesting, mind boggling book. In chapter 2, Obscura, talks about this Yale assistant professor named Stanley Milgram who decides to conduct an experiment on obedience to authority. Milgram himself seemed to have a strong appealing and curiosity to the way people behaved and acted. Stanley loved to experiment on the way humans adapt and react to such situations. He would point up at the sky for no reason, and timed how long it took a huge group of people to look up at nothing happening.

This assignment includes; Strengths, examples and weaknesses of the following psychological research; Bandura et al, Skinner & Loftus and Palmer. In order discuss and come to a conclusion as to why ecological validity is important in psychological research. It is important to note that; Ecological validity is the degree to which behaviours reflect the behaviours of everyday life. In Chapter 3 Bandura et al demonstrated whether children were witnesses to an aggressive display of play.

Alex was conditioned to react in a passive manner when confronted with any action that could be considered ultra-violence. Classical conditioning experiments have been performed on humans with a large degree of success. One of the most notable and most controversial classical conditioning experiments done on humans was Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment. This experiment was conducted to test the fear response in humans. The experiment started off by introducing Albert to several animals, a white rat, monkey, bunny and a dog (Creelan).

Furthermore, Milgram conducted a study of the effects of television on antisocial behavior and helped launch the psychological study of urban life with the publication of his article, "The Experience of Living in Cities," in Science magazine. This psychologist was also known for his creative take on studying social psychology. He was first inspired to study behavior on subways when his aged mother-in-law complained that none of the other riders had offered her a seat (Blass, The Man Who Shocked the World). This experiment had an interesting story behind it. Thirty years ago, first-year graduate students, were ordered by their “iconoclastic professor, Dr. Stanley Milgram, to venture into the New York City subway to conduct an unusual experiment” (Lou, Revisiting an Old

The Katz-Zalk test, branded by Dr. Phyllis Katz and Dr. Susan Zalk, was an experiment coined in the 1970’s which further backed this point. Children are shown imagery of people of different