3. Results and discussion 3.1. Optimization of chromatographic conditions A rapid, simple, reproducible and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of pregabalin and atenolol in dosage forms, spiked and volunteer human urine. To optimize the proposed HPLC method; several parameters such as effect of organic modifier, pH of buffer and flow rate were studied. The effect of organic modifier: The percentage of organic modifier (methanol) has a critical effect on separation of pregabalin and atenolol. It was found that increasing the proportion of methanol than 10% led to interference between pregabalin peak and urine matrix and inadequate resolution between atenolol and pregabalin. While decreasing the proportion …show more content…
Therefore we decided to determine the urinary excretion pattern of these two drugs after single oral administration and by which we can determine the concentration of atenolol and pregabalin at any time during 24 hours after oral administration. The urinary excretion pattern of pregabalin and atenolol were investigated in healthy volunteers after a single oral administration of 75 mg of Lyrica® tablet and 50 mg of Ateno® tablet. Pregabalin is well absorbed after oral administration. It undergoes negligible metabolism in humans and is eliminated from the systemic circulation primarily by renal excretion as unchanged drug. Atenolol is incompletely absorbed (about 50%), but most of the absorbed dose reaches the systemic circulation. It undergoes little or no metabolism by the liver and the absorbed portion is eliminated by renal …show more content…
The drugs were stable for at least three freeze-thaw cycles. No considerable changes were observed for the stability of the spiked urine samples after 2 weeks of storage at -20˚C. 4.8. System suitability test Resolution (Rs) is a measure of the degree of separation between two adjacent peaks. A value of 1.5 for resolution implies a complete separation of the two compounds [50]. Resolutions and other system suitability parameters (capacity factor (k/), selectivity factor (α), number of theortical plates and RSD% of retention time were calculated for atenolol and pregabalin. Their values were found to be acceptable (Table 12). 5. Conclusion The proposed HPLC method provides simple, accurate and reproducible quantitative analysis for simultaneous determination of atenolol and pregabalin in dosage forms, spiked and human urine. The cumulative excretion patterns of atenolol and pregabalin have a valuable clinical application by detecting the concentration of the two drugs in urine at any time during 24 hours after oral
highlighted that in United States, the dose dumping in general and alcohol induced dose dumping in particular is considered as a serious concern for orally administered prolonged release dosage forms (3). Subjuct to the therapeutic
If the drug is administered in a rectal pathway approximately 100% of Secobarbital is absorbed. The absorption of Secobarbital is rapid and takes duration of 3-4hrs. Since Secobarbital has extremely high lipid solubility and protein binding the drug is distributed to tissues and fluids across the body. The volume of distribution of Secobarbital in adults is 1.5 L/kg Secobarbital is metabolized by the liver via the major metabolite penultimate oxidation of the 1-methylbutyl substituent to form 5-allyl-5(3 '-hydroxy-1 '-methylbutyl)barbituric acid (hydroxysecobarbital).
It is vital to know the route of excretion of the drug, for example, if the drug is excreted through the urinary system, it is important that the animal’s urine is collected and discarded properly. Fecal matter should be discarded properly immediately, and not left to sit outside. Gloves need to be worn when handling any excretions/secretions from the patient. These drugs can be cardiotoxic and cardiac function should be evaluated prior to, during and after any treatments. They can also cause hemorrhagic cystitis, therefore urinalyses should be performed
Dentistry and Pharmaceuticals Lacey Pascoe Concorde Career College DNTA 1344 Pascoe 1 Lacey Pascoe Mrs. Evans DNTA 1344 17 Jan. 2016 Dentistry and Pharmaceuticals Pharmacology is the study of all drugs, their properties, how they react with each other, and the actions of the drugs within the body. Medications are forever changing because new medications are created, there is new information and knowledge of the medications, and medications are always being altered. In my whole 32 years of life I have never realized how much dentistry is involved with pharmaceuticals. Since I have started a career in Dental Assisting, I have learned more of how medications are used in many aspects of dentistry. Before I had started
Our patient reported having urinary issues and wetting the bed after taking the diuretic. We suggested he time his doses so he will know roughly around what time he will have to go bathroom. This way he will have enough time to make it to the bathroom and avoid urinating elsewhere. Another positive was explaining the indication for Gabapentin. The patient was not taking Gabapentin and was unsure what it was used for.
Monitoring the medications a patient may take is extremely important because other drugs may affect how well Avandia works in regards to regulating blood sugar levels. The use of other drugs could possibly influence Avandia to treat something else within the body. For this case study experiment the data can be both quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative would derive from measuring your blood sugar levels with a glucose monitor and the qualitative data stems from side
Introduction Polypharmacy is the use of various amount of medication by an individual to treat a disease or health problem, commonly seen in elderly, medication that are prescribed or over the counter including vitamins, supplements and herbal products. It is considered a huge problem as older adult are oblivious about risks of using multiple medications at once. As well as, a challenge to physicians when being neglectful about the drug interaction, side effects and adverse effect. In addition, the use of several medications at once can cause changes in the body, such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic where the drug absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion affect the liver, kidney and body weight etc. Aim
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Adderall in 1960. The agency additionally has approved the mix
( this is an analysis that is done by a Toxicologist).
After that, she was suggested with the extended-release and transdermal formulation of oxybutynin. If we compare the immediate release and extended release formulation of oxybutynin, extended-release was chosen in order to help Mrs Miller. This is because extended-release formulation is more tolerability than immediate release. It can lower the side effect that has been experienced by Mrs Miller. For the immediate release formulation, it will undergo extensive upper gastrointestinal first pass metabolism.
24 hours of observation is requred for patients overdosed with long-acting sedative hypnotics such as clonazepam. Albeit the effectiveness of delayed orogastric lavage is not confirmed, this approach is often considered in overdoses with sedatives that slow the motility of the gastrointestinal tract or those that develop concretions (namely meprobamate and phenobarbital). The use of orogastric lavage in overdose cases should always be done with
INTRODUCTION This assignment is about the study of the effect of agonist and different concentration on guinea pig ileum and it will consist of method, graph results and discussion. Drug is defined as a chemical that has both biological and pharmacological effects on human. Its branch is pharmacology which can be divided into two branches namely pharmacodynamics and pharmaco kinetics. (C. Stephen and W. Robin (2010)) Pharmaco dynamic is about what drug does to the body and pharmaco kinetics is the study of what the body does to the drug.
When interpreting concentration measurements, factors that need to be considered include the sampling time in relation to drug dose, dosage history, patient response, and the desired medicinal targets. The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring is to use suitable concentrations of difficult-to-manage medications to optimize clinical outcomes in patients in various clinical situations. Keywords: Drug monitoring, therapeutic; Pharmacokinetics Introduction Therapeutic drug monitoring is generally defined as the measurement of specific drugs at timed intervals in order to maintain a relatively constant concentration of the medication in the bloodstream. Monitored drugs tend to have a narrow therapeutic index, that is a ratio between the toxic and therapeutic doses of medications.
Sustained release formulations maintain a constant level plasma concentration of drug so that multiple and night dosing can be avoided. Terbutaline sulphate is a β2 stimulant drug which is having a very short half-life of less than 4 hours. It is available in sustained release ‘once a day’ formulation. This study was to formulate and evaluate microspheres of Terbutaline sulphate for sustained release preparation by solvent evaporation technique using ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose E 50 LV (HPMC) with different ratio.
An organ bath experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of agonist, histamine on guinea pig ileum (GPI) and how the antagonists, mepyramine and SIPBSDrug A affect the GPI’s response (smooth muscle contractions). A GPI simulation was conducted to compare the potencies and nature of antagonists against histamine. The control Rmax and EC50 of histamine without antagonist were 16.49gms and 2.093 x 10-7M respectively. The concentration-response curves were shifted to right parallelly and EC50 increased while Rmax remained constant when mepyramine or SIPBSDrug A was added. Besides, both antagonists showed linear graphs in Schild plot, indicating that they acted as reversible competitive antagonists.