Dualism Critical Thinking

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Developmental psychologists have helped to our comprehension of teaching for critical thinking. Perry’s (1970) investigation of intellectual improvement in male undergraduates was followed and refined by researches that studied the intellectual development of women and minorities (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986; Baxter-Magolda, 1992; Helms, 1990). This body of research has given an educational perspective of the different developmental difficulties learners may face in learning to think critically.
Kurfiss (1988) has organized stages into four main categories of the ways in which learners observe the nature of knowledge and reply to tasks requiring critical thinking:
1. Dualism/received knowledge, a position that considers knowledge

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