Elizabeth Brumfiel

While many may be aware of the Aztec civilization, their accomplishments can often be overshadowed by the time period when they were conquered by Spanish explorers, such as Hernan Cortez. However, the Aztecs were a prospering society before their downfall to the Spaniards. The Aztec’s demise is not the only characteristic to remember about one of the most commonly recognized civilizations of the fifteen hundreds. As an ancient Mesoamerican civilization displaced by powerful explorers, the Aztecs can still be seen as an organized society driven by their spirituality and traditions. The Aztecs used an organized system of chinampas and documents surveying what conquered peoples owed them, ensuring that they would be productive on a daily basis.

In her article, “Three Inventories, Three Households”, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich argues that women’s work was crucial not simply for subsistence but that “women were essentials in the seventeenth century for the very same reasons they are essentials today-for the perpetuation of the race” (Ulrich 51). She believes, women were expected to do everything. They were not only to take care of the children, but they were also cook, clean, raise the greens and ranches. Mainly, women plays important role for the survival and continuation of life.

Both of these images showed misogynous ideology in Aztec official ideologies. The ideology of male-dominance can also be found in Aztec manuscript paintings where goddesses were depicted holding shields, showing that maleness is the only way to power (Brumfiel 1996, 157). Such sexist ideologies of Aztec officials were opposed by the popular images of females. Popular figurines of females are mostly in standing position rather than kneeling poses found in official images. Moreover, they also hold children in their arms, indicating fertility and

The next chapter highlights the gendered division of labor and the difficulty to keep a family as a slave. Chapter six and seven moves on to the eighteenth century and shows how women have improved in areas such as more political participation and increasing social class of

Also exclusive was their “sphere,” or domain of influence, which was confined completely to the home. Thus the Cult of Domesticity “privatized” women’s options for work, for education, for voicing opinions, or for supporting reform. The true woman would take on the obligations of housekeeping, raising good children, and making her family’s home a haven of health, happiness, and virtue. All society would benefit from her performance of these sacred domestic

The Aztecs were a remarkable civilization found in present day Mexico City, from 1350 to 1519. Their city of Technochtitlan was the capital city of their civilization. Two things the Aztec culture is known for are human sacrifice and agriculture. However, historians should emphasize the role of agriculture in this civilization. They should focus more on agriculture because it helped them expand their empire, develop their technology, and the scale of usage.

In colonial North America, the lives of women were distinct and described in the roles exhibited in their inscriptions. In this book, Good Wives the roles of woman were neither simple nor insignificant. Ulrich proves in her writing that these women did it all. They were considered housewives, deputy husbands, mistresses, consorts, mothers, friendly neighbors, and last but not least, heroines. These characteristics played an important role in defining what the reality of women’s lives consisted of.

Gender as a tool of analysis has been effective when analyzing Native societies. Gender roles in Native society inevitably shaped the tribe or band in which Natives lived in. Matrilineal or patrilineal Native societies controlled the daily operations, social hierarchy, religious influence, and the effects colonization had on that particular society based on the foundation. Using gender as a tool of analysis in Native societies, scholars are able to learn more about Natives because of the affects gender had in the characteristics and foundation of each society. In “Ranging Foresters and Women-Like Men”, A Nation of Women, and “To Live Among Us”, different scholars are able to use gender as a tool of analysis to understand the ways in which

Subsequently, the contrasting imagery suggests that even if she were to re-enter the physical space of Mexico at that very moment, there would be no true ever-present Mexico to which she could refer to. For Kahlo, Mexico does not suggest either a conclusive national personality because that is impossible when the past was in ruins and the future was continually being compromised with modernity which is aptly represented in her painting as the roots of the Mexican plants stretched out and entwined with the power cords of the US loudspeakers (Volk 2000 177). As a result, the Self-Portrait not only complicates the notion of the emergence of a Mexican nation — which Rivera was working so hard to depict — but seems to parody his attempt to merge

When some mexicans shifted to Mexico City they struggled to adapt. However later “A third of labor in Mexico City was made up of women, 82% of whom were indians or mestizas”(Vigil 136). Shifting from an hacienda to a city was very different for both females and males. However women could not believe that they could soon begin working as domestic workers as well. Such as being waitresses, food preparers, and street vendors.

2015 Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping sets out to define home and the role of women in it through the practices of housekeeping. Through a series of polarizations (fixity – transience, society – nature, dividing – merging, outdoor – indoor, patriarchy – matriarchy) taken up by the characters Robinson manages to show how different notions of housekeeping correspond to different definitions of home and different female subjectivities. Housekeeping in its traditional sense is related to patriarchal notions, namely that of women’s confinement in the private sphere and that of the house’s condition as a sign of women’s character. In her essay, Paula Geyh views the house as the physical dimension of societal patriarchal organization (107); potential

In the pastoralization of housework, woman found a new dynamic in the family system by becoming influencers. Boydston writes, “‘...in which wives were described as deities “who presides over the sanctities of domestic life, and administer its sacred rights….”” With the romanization of housework woman found themselves placed on a higher pedestal, and with this newly found power, women were able to influence their husband’s decisions. Women during the Antebellum period were described as “holy and pious” and they were seen as the more religious being out of the two sexes, so it was customary for women to use their power to help the family stay on the right path. Mrs. A. J. Graves supported this idea and directly connects women’s role of taking care of the home to a station which God and nature assigned her.

Economic dependency was upon the men. They were bringing in all of the money for the household. When the Industrial Revolution began to take place, women were dragged into factories and forced to do jobs that were outside of their comfort zone. A gender hierarchy existed within most households. Women were below men at the time.

During the 1890’s until today, the roles of women and their rights have severely changed. They have been inferior, submissive, and trapped by their marriage. Women have slowly evolved into individuals that have rights and can represent “feminine individuality”. The fact that they be intended to be house-caring women has changed.

Over generations, the role of women in society has shifted and changed immensely, improving upon many aspects of rights and values that women have. The changes occurred gave women opportunities to provide ideas, to have the same rights as men, giving women freedom, leading to many contributions of many significant and valuable events. But from current roles of women being equal to those of men, how women stood in ancient society significantly differs and contrast with ours today. Throughout history, the role and significance of women were always outweighed by the dominance and influence of men. The role of women in ancient times varied throughout, depending on the place and area in the world, in which women had different roles and impacts on their own society.