Onchocerca volvulus in a nutshell:
Onchocerciasis is an infection caused by parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus (Nematoda: filarial worm) spread by black fly. It is also called river blindness because the fly can cause blindness. The world health organization estimates that at least 25 million people are infected and 23 million people live in the areas that put them at risk of being infected. The most likely areas to be infected are Africa in Yemen and in the Middle East. Those most at risk are people who live in areas where the parasite is spread followed by adventure, travelers, missionaries and Peace Corps volunteers. The best prevention is avoiding being bitten by infected black flies by using insecticides. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine
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The larvae become adult in around 3 months to year. Nodules formed due to interaction between parasite and its human host.
-Some people don not experience symptoms while infected with O.volvulus. The larvae can migrate through the human body through the human body without any response from the immune system.
-Many people experience the symptoms which include itchy skin rashes, nodules under the skin and vision changes .Non- painful swelling of lymph glands.
- These symptoms caused by the response to dead larvae. In addition to itching it can cause long-term damage to the skin.
-They can cause changes in color of the skin that result in "leopard skin" appearance.
-Thinning of the skin with loss of elastic tissue "cigarette-paper" appearance.
-Permanent clouding of the cornea resulting in blindness and inflammation of the optic nerve.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of Onchorerciasis can be difficult. There are multiple methods that the diagnosis can be made. 1) The most common method is taking a tissue biopsy of the skin to identify larvae and put and put it in a physiologic solutions e.g (normal saline) 2) If there are nodules on the skin. The nodule can be surgically removed and examined for adult
In the passage Out to Get You Head Lice and Bed Bugs, written by Ruth Tenzer Feldman, it talks about the life spans of both bedbugs and head lice as well as how to get rid of them. It also talks about how to avoid getting them. According to the article the National Institute of Health says that if you get bitten, by either bed bugs, or head lice their bites alone, probably won’t make you sick, also that they are not attracted to dirt, but rather blood like leaches or mosquitos. Head lice’s scientific name is Pediculus humanus capitis.
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Henoch-Schonlein purpura is inflammation of the blood vessels. This causes a rash of red or purple spots on the skin. This condition may also cause kidney problems and pain in the knee joints, ankle joints, or abdomen. Generally, this condition goes away on its own, although symptoms may return (recur) over time. CAUSES
The disease was spread by the vector Rattus rattus and transmitted to people by the fleas. This organism was not new to the world in the fourteenth century, as Europe had experienced the Justinian plague in 542 AD . However, the people of Europe did not have any natural immunity or understanding of the disease caused by a bacterium Yersinia pestis. The people became aware of the relationship between rat and fleas only in late nineteenth century .
Elkhart Exterminators, Safe and Reliable Pest Control Home may be where the heart is, but it can also be where the pests live. We at Elkhart Exterminators are here to help you keep your home safe and comfortable. We fully understand that even the cleanest homes can fall victim to pest infestations and here at Elkhart Exterminators we offer a full range of products to help you control pests both indoors and outdoors. Elkhart Exterminators offer a wide variety of safe and effect control products to meet your every need. We offer barrier protection, natural and organic control whenever possible.
This case wasn’t cracked until 2001, nearly 140 years later. Bill martin and high school friend John Curtin discovered the Photorhabdus Luminescens residing in the guts of parasitic worms that hunt larvae in soil or mud by taking up residence in their blood cells and then “puking” inside killing the larvae from the inside out(Soniak). The vomit produces a number of chemicals kill insect hosts, preventing any type of infection and leaving behind a soft blue glow. The larvae had crawled inside of the soldiers wounds and left them living in history as literal glowing
There are a few symptoms of this disease, one is the black tongue. High fever is the next symptom, the last and final symptom are blood filled boils usually found, everywhere. It soon had spread throughout Europe but the main question is how did it get there from Asia? One of the major reasons it spread was when the people were in contact with the fleas on black rats. Throughout Asia?s towns and streets were
The bacillus infects people through the bite of infected fleas and rats (“BLACK DEATH”). This was especially prominent in urban and over populated areas (“Ecology and Transmission“). When Plagues strike people and animals alike die horrifically, in turn fleas need to find other sources of food. The people living in poor conditions often get forayed by flea bites, thus infecting them (“Ecology and Transmission“). It was seldom for the Black Death to be spread from person to person.
The rash first appears on the wrist and the ankles then spreads in either directions up or down the legs and arms. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain that mimics appendicitis, deep muscle pain, lack of appetite, or red eyes. RMSF is transmitted to humans by a bite of a tick infected with the disease. When an infected tick bites and attaches itself to a human host for at least six to ten hours, transmission of the bacteria may occur. Destroying a tick with your fingers may also transmit the bacteria.
There are many healthcare disparities involving parasitic infection. One disparity, for example, is that any one can get parasitic infection, it is so easy to be infected by a parasitic infection. Also, to really prevent one from getting a parasitic infection, they would have to be extremely cautious on the food they are eating and the water they are drinking. It is more common in regions of tropical or subtropical to avoid getting infected. We can also get infected through our pets and the disparity in this is that its hard to keep up with everything to avoid getting infected with parasitic
Signs and Symptoms SJS is characterized by round, red papules that resemble insect bites. Within a short amount of time, these lesions change into varying sizes and patterns. They may become red with white centers that have papules on the center. This gives them a target-like appearance. Although they can be seen on any body surface area, they are usually seen on the face and trunk.
Symptoms are nausea and vomiting, bloody diarrhea, joint and muscle aches, chest pain and cough, stomach pain and severe weight loss. “It spreads to people by contact with the skin or bodily fluids of an infected animal, like a monkey, chimp, or fruit bat. Then it moves from person to person the same way. Those who care for a sick person or bury someone who has died from the disease often get it” (Cassoobhoy, web, 2014). There is no cure for this disease so the best way to avoid getting it is to not travel to places where it is
The first symptom was swelling in the groin and armpits ("Black Death"). These swellings were painful and they seeped blood and pus ("Black Death"). Some other symptoms that would begin after the swelling were fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and aches and pains
Walking is an enjoyable and healthy activity, and providing you follow a few simple rules it’s also quite safe. Although most people take extra care as they walk along narrow country lanes, many are unaware that one of the most significant health threats to walkers is Lyme disease, a bacterial infection, which spreads to humans through the bite of an infected sheep tick. Ticks are tiny bloodsucking, arachnids which live in areas of dense vegetation, such as bracken, long grass or woodlands. These minute creatures attach themselves to the skin of both animals and humans to feed on their blood.
Follow up of the case and trials. Data Gathered: Duration of outbreak, Gender involved, Race, Community ,Geographical area, Social Status, Economical status, Religious Belief, Staple Diet, Environmental Factors, External Factors like wars, land disputes, anxiety , Social status and vulnerability of the
Intially, a human drinks water contaminated with water fleas, which have eaten the Guinea worm larvae. The human digestive system destroys the fleas, but the Guinea worm larvae survive. A year after infection, the larvae are fully grown and females make their way to the surface of the skin.