. DRUG PROFILE 2.1 IBUPROFEN Ibuprofen chemically known as 2-[4-(2-methyl propyl) propanoic acid. It is a propanoic acid derivative classified under non steroidal anti inflammatory agent (NSAID) with analagesic and antipyretic properties.The empirical formula of ibuprofen is C13H18O2 its molecular weight is 206.29. It is indicated for relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteo arthritis for relief of mild to moderate pain and also indicated for the treatment of dysmenorrheal. MECHANISM OF ACTION The exact mechanism of action of ibuprofen is unknown. Ibuprofen is a non selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme involved in prostaglandins synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway.Its pharmacological effects are believed to be due to inhibition of cyclo oxygenase -2(cox2) which decrease the …show more content…
H et. al., developed two new UV spectrophotometric methods and validated for simultaneous estimation of Ibuprofen and Famotidine in a tablet dosage form (DUEXIS). The first method, the absorbance correction method was based on the measurement of the absorbance at two wavelengths namely 287 nm at which IBU has no absorbance while at wavelength 264 nm both drugs have considerable absorbance. The second method was the absorbance ratio method involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at 274.5 nm (isoabsorptive point) and also at 264 nm (λmax of IBU). The methods were found to be linear between the range of 50-800 g/mL for IBU and 3-27 g/ mL for FAMO for both methods. The mean percentage recovery was found in the range of 101.1%-101.84% and 101.84-102.84% for the Absorbance correction method and 99.93-101.14 and 101.62-102.57 for the absorbance ratio method, for ibuprofen and Famotidine respectively at three different levels of standard additions. The precision (intra-day, inter-day) of methods were found within limits (RSD s law in the concentration range of 20-140μg/mL and 2-10μg/mL for ibuprofen and famotidine
Psychology truly is everywhere. “The Pain Medication Conundrum” is a news story that was published on August 13, 2015 in the New York Times written by Danielle Ofri. The news story discusses the confusing and difficult problem that the prescribing of pain medication has caused. In summary, the news story explains a situation where an old man, in his mid-60s, entered his primary doctor’s office asking for a prescription of oxycodone for pain because the clinic where he used to get it from closed. In the six months that the doctor had been seeing him, he was unaware that his patient was taking narcotic pain medication.
Acetaminophen is a drug that humans take to relieve pain and fever. Typically, if a human is ill then they may take acetaminophen to make them feel better. Commonly acetaminophen is used to treat symptoms like headaches, fevers, muscle aches and backaches. Acetaminophen is medically important to humans because, acetaminophen puts them at ease while people are resting from whatever ailments they have acetaminophen puts them at ease at taking away the pain from the process. On only is acetaminophen important to people on a medical level but, acetaminophen is also important and a financial level.
The final portion of the lab consisted of creating a lined scatterplot in Microsoft Excel with the absorbencies from the standard curve data chart. The chart was created to display the linear trendline, R-squared value, and slope equation. Then four sodas, Big Red, Big K Grape Soda, Faygo Red Pop, and Cherry 7 Up and one unknown sample containing red dye were processed through the absorbency tests, and diluted if necessary in a 1:1 or 1:3 ratio of water to soda. Using the equation determined from the standard curve graph, the concentrations of Red dye #40 was calculated for the sodas and the unknown liquid
The purpose of this experiment was to understand the pharmacokinetics of the drug acetaminophen within the body, specifically focusing on its partition coefficient, drug protein interaction and its bioavailability through various form of administration. The bioavailability of the drug was determined to be 100% for IV because the drug is injected directly into the systemic circulation in its active form and this is also visible on Figure 4, where the initial concentration of drug is much higher than in PO and IP. For PO and IP administration, the bioavailability was determined to be 72.6% and 39.1%, respectively. This makes sense because both of these type of administration involve the first-pass effect where a portion of the drug is metabolized by peripheral organs, especially the liver in this case, and therefore the amount of active drug reaching the circulation is less. PO administration, however has a much higher content reaching the circulation than IP, because the IP route involves passing through the whole gastrointestinal tract before being absorbed in the liver while the IP route injects the drug into the
Citric acid, aspirin and sodium hydrogen carbonate are the main constituents of alka seltzer. Its main role is to reduce headaches, period pains, migraines, muscular pains and symptoms of colds and flues, as well has curing problems related with an upset stomach. Aspirin works to reduce pain and swellings; it is an anti- inflammatory drug and belongs to a group of drugs called NSAIDs as it does not contain steroids. The enzyme cyclo-oxygenase which speeds up the production of prostaglandins is blocked by aspirin.
The 1982 Tylenol crisis influenced changes in medication safety rules in the United States through the creation of tamper-proof pill and bottle designs. Many people are afraid to take over-the-counter drugs because of the problem. People of all ages, from children to the elderly, were terrified. People who had just taken Tylenol were terrified. They had no faith in Tylenol or Johnson & Johnson.
Pediatric dosing for Acetaminophen for child < 60 kg is 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 4-6 hours. A maximum dose of 75 mg/kg/day in infants. This medication is contraindicated if the child has active or severe hepatic disease.
In addition, “cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib (Celebrex), have an improved safety profile for gastrointestinal adverse effects, but are costly and confer an increased cardiovascular risk” (Sinuasas, 2012, p.
This piece of evidence is not so compelling because the pH levels dropped for all drugs after the HCl was added because stomach acids neutralize the pH levels (“Painkillers & Acid Reflux Symptoms”). The most compelling piece of evidence is the color when we added the iron nitrate. They both turned black when the iron nitrate was added and no other pain reliever looked like those two. Unknown B is Bufferin because they both look like white powders and they were both insoluble. When the universal indicator was added they both turned orange, which indicted their pH level was 5.0.
The unknowns were all basic except for the acetylsalicylic acid which was an acid and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride which was a neutral pH when tested. We tested our unknowns and found that both had a basic pH when tested. When we tested the ingredients for acetone solubility we found that most of the ingredients were acetone soluble except for acetaminophen, cornstarch, and sugar. For unknown A we
Based on the assumed contamination of the TLC plate and or capillary tube, it is not possible to tell whether acetaminophen was successfully separated from the Excedrin powder. The Rf values of isolated aspirin and pure aspirin were the same. This demonstrates that the aspirin was successfully separated and is relatively pure. The isolated caffeine sample had a higher Rf value but when viewed under UV light, the markings of isolated caffeine were within the bounds of the pure caffeine, leading to the conclusion that while isolated the caffeine sample was note
This possibility is due to the fact that in the few studies that showed these results, the iridoid glycosides affected the release of prostaglandin of the COX-2 Pathway. Overall, the results were inconclusive. Other additional molecular mechanisms of action that consist with this are the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. While the latter three have been shown, the overall main mechanism of action is the chemical reactions of the iridoid glycosides that produce the analgesic affect. When differentiating Devil’s Claw among other supplements, the half-life is often described as ~5.6 hours.
If less time is required for the drug absorption then maximum drug concentration achieved very
Decomposition of Aspirin Studied with UV/Visible Absorption Spectroscopy Aims: To determine the concentration of salicylic acid, formed from the hydrolysis of Aspirin, at regular intervals using the UV/Visible Absorption Spectroscopy From the concentration of salicylic acid, concentration of Aspirin to be determined using an equation Calculate the rate constant of this reaction and its order from a plot of graph of ln(aspirin) vs time Discuss the overall flaws and improvements to the experiment Results: As per schedule1, 0.212g of aspirin was added to 50 ml boiling water to form salicylic acid in a 100 ml flask, of which 1 ml was then pipetted to a 50 ml volumetric flask at the 5th min. Following an ice bath, the solution was mixed