Impacts Of Confederation And The Numbered Treaties

“This is our land! It isn’t a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces to us. It is ours and we will take what we want.” (voices and visions chapter 8 pg.181, poundmaker in the english tongue) The Cree and many Métis believed that the land was theirs and they were entitled to it.

The major question that the court attempted to determine was whether Stanley’s “conduct with the gun was a marked departure from the level of care that ‘a reasonable person’ would have exercised in ‘the same circumstances.’” One major discrepancy in answering this question is determining how credible it was for the Indigenous youth to enter Stanley’s farm. On the one hand, the court framed “reason” through the settler colonial lens in respecting property endowed to Stanley by the Canadian government. Therefore, they saw Stanley as reasonable because it was the Indigenous people who drove onto his land. Contrary to these beliefs, Indigenous people understand “reason” as respecting land rights established in Treaty 6, which designated Stanley’s farm as being in Red Pheasant territory.

After McGillivray was open to trade negotiations, the Treaty of New York was created. The treaty promised the protection of Creek Indian land boundaries against land seeking settlers and also assured them annual payments in money and trade goods (226). Although a treaty was created, neither side could keep their promise. McGillivray had also signed an agreement with the Spanish before he died because “the Creeks’ interests were best served by maintaining creative tension between the American and Spanish authorities” (226). The agreement that the United States had made in the Treaty of New York could not be kept as well as it had proved to be unrealistic.

Treaties in Canada have always been an integral part of the history of settlement, used to define the rights of the Aboriginal peoples of this land and the right of the Canadian government to use those aforementioned lands. However, a number of arrangements between the government and the First Nations peoples they negotiated with often seemed one-sided and unfairly biased towards the former whilst subjugating the latter. Most prominent among these were the 11 Numbered Treaties, a series of contracts made between the Aboriginal peoples of the Prairies and the newly established Government of the Dominion of Canada. Although it might not seem like it now, both sides had many reasons that influenced their decisions to sign, for they all wanted the best possible deal for their futures. The Government of Canada thought that that was the ownership of the vast majority

The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States history. It was a consent among the 13 states of United States during the war of independence in 1776 where the Congress created a council to outline a document which was approved by it and was sent to the states for confirmation. After being approved by all the 13 states, the article of confederation came into action on March 1, 1781. All the power of the national government was centered in the Congress. The article was unicameral where each state had a single legislative body.

A prominent example is seen in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which was meant to recognize Indigenous rights and protect their lands. Despite these intentions, however, shortcomings exist on behalf of the government regarding how it has fulfilled treaty obligations such as these over time. Although the proclamation acknowledged Indigenous territories and mandated negotiations for land cessions, many settlers persisted in seizing Indigenous lands without consent or agreements. Due to inadequate enforcement by the government, these encroachments flourished and often resulted in egregious violations against Indigenous rights and properties. The authority's neglect of the Royal Proclamation has been an underlying factor contributing to widespread legal injustices suffered by Indigenous peoples.

The Aboriginals thought of the treaties as a mean to trade, not to own things. Another major issue and challenge with the numbered treaties were the fact that that there were many verbal promises made to the First Nations that didn't actually happen. These promises are called outside promises and were promises that weren’t actually written on the treaties. Namely, in treaties 1 and 2 First Nations said that the government would aid them in farming

Introduction After the Red River Rebellion, the Metis received many of their demands in the Manitoba Act, but because of the scrip system, many didn’t receive the land they were promised causing them to move west into nowadays Saskatchewan. While living in the west, the Metis were losing patience with the Canadian government to gain title to their land. The government had surveyed the land out to pay for the Canadian Pacific Railway, which the Metis didn’t know, and wouldn’t give any away. The government was treating the Aboriginals cruelly; they let them starve and didn’t keep their promises to help them flourish in the western economy. The Metis had had enough with the government and decided to bring back Louis Riel from Montana.

The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution for the Americans, but it had a negative impact overall on the newly formed nation. According to the article, “Articles of Confederation”, it mentions that in the Articles of Confederation, there is a rule that says that the states can only tax the colonists. This resulted in the central government never having any money that they need to pay off debt, which are mostly to soldiers, and they have to hope that the states give them money, but they usually do not,and that is bad. In addition to that, the article, “Articles of Confederation” also claims that another rule written in the Articles of Confederation is each individual state could make their own law and they did not have to follow

Black and Native American communities have adopted various stances regarding land. Black Americans have had to fight for their right to own land since the Reconstruction era due to land theft, displacement, and other issues that date back to the time that their ancestors were held as slaves. Contrarily, Native American tribes have preserved their lands through treaties and statutory recognition of their sovereignty. Nevertheless, despite threats of exploitation and displacement, both communities have had to fight for their right to access and control their

Among the borders of the United States of America, puzzles pieces were missing when establishing a national government role to provide rules and regulations within the Nation. In 1777, a debate between Congressmen resulted in a Constitution being written, the first written Constitution to be instituted and conscripted by the Congressmen (Fonder 249). They then called the first written constitution in the United States of America the Articles of Confederation. The mission that needed to be accomplished with the new constitution being implied were to make improvements of the overall security, balancing power between each of the thirteen states dealing with the issues of their independence.

As the Shawnees were attempting to reunite in the Ohio Valley, they found themselves displaced and had to defend their territory from western expansion. The Shawnees placed all their trust in the British, which didn’t turn out positive for them, for when the British ceded all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, which endangered the lives of the Natives. “For the

The Tsilhqot People have been fighting logging issues since the 1980’s and are still fighting over other issues like mining since 2013 (The Star, Supreme Court Grants Land Title…, 2014). Not only did the Tsilhqot people have property issues arise from resource development but the Haida as well. The Haida Native group in British Columbia also protested and opposed logging on the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1985 (Centre for Native Governance, Haida, 2013). In 1987 the Province of British Columbia signed an agreement to give some land back however, it took six years to complete and during this time frame they continued their developments (Centre for Native Governance, Haida, 2013). Robert William, the Tsilhqot representative in this case, said

First Nations people were promised annual payments, reserves, and the right to hunt and fish on the surrendered lands. In exchange, they surrendered their title to the land. However, the Crown did not fulfill its obligations under the Treaty. The First Nations received inadequate and inconsistent annual payments, and the reserves were often unsuitable for agriculture or hunting and fishing. The Treaty also did not protect the First Nations from the encroachment of settlers and the loss of their traditional way of life.

By doing this, colonial Canadians assumed that aboriginal cultural and spiritual beliefs were invalid in relation to European beliefs (244). The problem with ridding the First Nations Peoples of their languages, as Williston points out is to “deprive them of the sense of place that has defined them for thousands of years” (245). The private schooling system was an attack on First Nations identities, and their identity is rooted in “a respect for nature and its processes” (245).