THE NUREMBERG AND TOKYO TRIBUNALS
The two tribunals expressed the principle that International Law may impose obligations directly upon individuals. As observed by the Nuremberg tribunal following the second World War ‘Crimes against International Law are committed by men and NOT by Abstract entities and therefore only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of International Law be enforced’.
THE NUREMBERG TRIBUNAL
Despite this early use of the term, the first prosecutions for crimes against humanity took place after the Second World War in 1945 before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg. The charter that established the IMT of Nuremberg defined crimes against humanity as Murder, Extermination,
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Of the 24 defendants who were accused of war crimes, 12 received death sentences, nine received prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life, and three were acquitted. Of the 185 people later tried, 12 received death sentences and 85 others received prison sentences. Though the Nuremberg trials were controversial at the time, they established a precedent for international law and eventually led to the establishment of the International Court of Justice(ICJ) and the International Criminal Court. (ICC). The ICJ settles disputes among states while the ICC deals with …show more content…
The prosecution team consisted of justices from eleven Allied nations: Australia, Canada, China, France, Great Britain, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union and the United States of America. The Tokyo trial lasted from May 1946 to November 1948.
Of the eighty (80) Class A war criminal suspects detained in the Sugamo prison after 1945, twenty-eight (28) men were brought to trial before the IMTFE. The accused included nine civilians and nineteen professional military men. The defendants were accused of promoting a scheme of conquest that contemplated and carried out killing, maiming and ill-treatment of prisoners of war and civilian captives. They proceeded to force them to labor under inhumane conditions plundering public and private property, shamelessly destroying cities, towns and villages beyond any justification of military necessity. They also executed mass murder, rape, looting, brigandage (Highway robbery), torture and other barbaric brutalities upon the helpless civilian population of the over-run
In The Scorch Trials by James Dashner, Thomas a teenager learns that WICKED is untrustworthy. To begin with, Thomas and the gladers defend the Safe Haven from WICKED. There forth, Thomas and the gang escape from WICKED’s test facility. There, they meet scorch survivors Jorge and Brenda at the crank asylum. From there Thomas and Brenda get split from the group, in which they meet up at the Safe Haven.
Introduction The period of the trial was the 1910, more specifically the trial started on May 13, 1910 (pg.1). During the 1910 America was still developing into a world power, and many immigrants from other countries where attracted to t he prosperity that was available in America (Baily, S. L., 1983, pg.281). New York State specifically was one of the fastest growing states in the country with one of the best economical prosperity for native workers, and immigrants (Baily, S. L., 1983, pg.281). What is the crime in the trial?
This was a clear violation of the Lieber Code of conduct in war, which mandated humane treatment of prisoners of war regardless of race.
On August 6, 1945, the first of two atomic bombs was dropped on Japan, sparking the start of what is now known as the Cold War. Two large military powers, the Soviet communists and the United States of America, pitted their wits and defense against each other, using any means necessary to find cracks in the others’ defenses. Three days later, the second atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, which shook the world with its deafening death toll. The world immediately took up arms in the following years, sparking some of the most controversial years in history. Suspicion turned brothers against sisters, neighbors against neighbors, and caused many lives to be ruined.
“I am at peace,” Warren Jeffs said before jury deliberation at his trial. In Katy Vine’s Non-Prophet for Texas Monthly, she recounts Jeffs’ 2011 trial for the sexual assault of minors at the Yearning for Zion (YFZ) Ranch in Eldorado, Texas. Prosecutorial evidence included an audio-recording of Jeffs raping a 12-year-old and a paternity DNA test, which identified Jeffs as the father of a 15-year-olds infant. The Texas jury found Jeffs guilty on all counts (Vine). The judge sentenced Jeffs to life in prison plus 20-years (Associated).
The next trial was for the British soldiers, their trial did not start till November 27th and ended up lasting till December 5th. The soldiers they prosecuted was Corporal William Wemms, James Hartigan, William McCauley, Hugh White, Matthew Kilroy, William Warren, John Carrol and Hugh Montgomery. Adams made it sound like the colonists had a way to defend themselves, yet the soldiers only had little, he also quoted “had the right to fire due to self defense.” But, Patrick Carr while he was laying in his death bed, had a testimony and agreed that his men were provoking and that they had a right to fire due to self defense. The jury ended up freeing six soldiers except two who were guilty of manslaughter, they were Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy.
What may seem like a heinous crime to us was a glorious crime
We must go and overthrow the court, he says!’” (Miller 119). Miller gives insight into how the accusations around 1950-1954 may have also included the pressure of higher authority forcing someone (of the lower authority) with power, money, and etc. to testify false accusations. The author presents an interesting story that mirrors and represents a different time period, displaying the social injustice of people as they are motivated by fear, jealousy, hatred of one another, and more.
Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong In Brandon L. Garrett 's book, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong, he makes it very clear how wrongful convictions occur and how these people have spent many years in prison for crimes they never committed. Garrett presents 250 cases of innocent people who were convicted wrongfully because the prosecutors opposed testing the DNA of those convicted. Garrett provided simple statistics such as graphs, percentages, and charts to help the reader understand just how great of an impact this was.
As more time passed two British soldiers were found guilty of
In 1892, a young woman named Lizzie Borden was accused of murdering her father and stepmother (“Lizzie Borden on Trial” 2). This accusation was influenced by the lack of evidence at the scene of the crime. There appeared to be no murder weapon, very few witnesses, and the house did not show any signs of an intruder (“Lizzie Borden on Trial” 5). Once the scene was investigated, it was determined that the cause of death for both victims was multiple blows to the head by an axe. Two axes were found in the home, and neither had a speck of blood (“Lizzie Borden on Trial” 14).
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, “the ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.” Often times, when there is conflict that involves violence and threat of personal danger, people tend to become compliant to those who intimidate them instead of holding their ground and acting on their own beliefs and values. Such was the case for the majority of the French nation during the Second World War after Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the country between 1940-1944, only occupying a certain area until 1942 when Germany infiltrated all of France. The Vichy government of France, led by Marshall Philippe Pétain, ended up complying with their occupiers’ orders and signed a law that would allow
Per Duhaime’s Law Dictionary, a war crime is “excessive brutality during war, in contravention of an international treaty or convention” (Duhaime). One such convention would be the Geneva Conventions. Per the Geneva
"Eyewitness Auschwitz" by Filip Muller is a true eyewitness account of his life in Auschwitz. Filip Muller is originally from Sered,Slovakia and was transported over to Auschwitz concentration camp. The Memoir began with Filip Muller in the Auschwitz I main camp where he was by Vacek to the cap off and cap on drill until exhaustion. (Pg. 1-3) The next location in Auschwitz that he was brought to was called the Crematorium where he would have the generators declickered; the dead dragged to ovens for cremation, coke had to be brought in; ashes had to be raked out, and finally the Crematorium had to be cleaned and disinfected.
During the Holocaust many Nazi officials committed crimes and many were tried in the Nuremberg Trials. For example, “Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner was the head of the Reich Central Security Office, and was second in command of the ss, he was executed because of multiple accounts