RESULTS & DISCUSSION The reaction scheme for the oxidation of cyclohexene to adipic acid is shown in Figure 2. This reaction was an ionic addition reaction, and it utilized the oxidizing properties of H2O2 in the presence of WO42-. For this reaction to occur, first Na2WO4 dissociated in the aqueous layer due to its ionic properties and the polarity of water as the solvent. WO42-, a complex stabilized by its resonance contributors, was taken into the organic layer by Aliquat 336, the phase transfer catalyst. Aliquat 336 was originally in an ionic form with Cl- as the anion, but the chlorine was transferred to the aqueous layer as the phase transfer took place. Aliquat 336 is a good phase transfer catalyst due to its molecular structure. It contains a nitrogen that bears a positive charge as well as 3 long, hydrocarbon …show more content…
This has two important consequences; Aliquat has favorable intermolecular forces that allow it to dissolve in an organic layer while containing a positive charge, and it is able to form a complex with WO42-, which is necessary for the oxidation of cyclohexene. After being carried into the aqueous layer, WO42- can form a complex with cyclohexene that allows a more direct route of oxidation. This reaction also took place in the presence of KHSO4 because the reaction occurs more readily under acidic conditions. Cyclohexene is a hydrocarbon that was able to undergo an addition reaction because of its carbon-carbon double bond. The extra electron density that results from this bond provides an ideal location for a reaction to take place because of its nucleophilic properties, and the need of each carbon to form a new bond once the double bond is broken. Together, the properties of the molecules used in this reaction provide ideal conditions for an effective
Many sources of error were responsible for recovering a small amount of product. Introduction: The carbon-carbon bond formation is an important tool in organic chemistry to construct the simple as well as an organic compound. There are several
In this lab, the oxidation of a secondary alcohol was performed and analyzed. An environmentally friendly reagent, sodium hypochlorite, was used to oxidize the alcohol, and an IR spectrum was obtained in order to identify the starting compound and final product. The starting compound could have been one of four alcohols, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, 3-heptanol, or 2-heptanol. Since these were the only four initial compounds, the ketone obtained at the end of the experiment could only be one of four products, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 3-heptanone, or 2-heptanone. In order to retrieve one of these ketones, first 1.75g of unknown D was obtained.
An enzyme can not be considered a reactant because, like catalysts, the enzyme is never used up in the reaction and is reused again in another chemical reaction. In this lab, the source of hydrogen peroxidase was the potato solution. The substrate that the hydrogen peroxidase acts upon is the hydrogen peroxide.
Title: Enzymes Abstract: Enzymes can catalyze chemical reactions by speeding up the chemicals activation energy. Temperature and pH are just two of the factors that affects enzymes and their involvement with chemicals and the way they function. Throughout this experiment, we conducted a study on peroxidase, which is an enzyme. The following information consist of the recordings of when it was exposed to four different pH levels to come up with an optimum pH and IRV at the end. Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that are used in reactions in living organisms.
Because of this, three different products (as previously mentioned) are potentially formed.1 The compound created from the reaction can be analyzed to determine
This experiment converted cyclohexanol into cyclohexene by means of elimination reaction with the addition of 85% phosphoric acid. In comparison, the product obtained was a clear colorless liquid with a strong odor similar to the original solution. However, when combined together in the seperatory funnel there was two distinct layers formed. This is evident that a reaction took place and the product formed is a different compound than the original. In order to confirm that a different product was formed, additional test were performed to solidify the characterization.
It forms a complex with HBr and extracts it from the aqueous phase into the organic phase where the alkene is. This dehydrates the acid, making it more reactive so that the addition reaction is possible. Rapid stirring is required in order to maximize the surface area
The Effect of Changing Substrate Amount on Peroxidase Introduction Enzymes are proteins used in nearly all chemical reactions in organisms. These proteins are known as catalyst to speed up or enhance reactions. Enzymes are reliant on substrates; they are known to convert nearly one thousand substrate molecules per second during reactions (Freeman, 2017, 90). In reactions, there are other active conditions that can affect the enzyme.
5-aminotetrazole monohydrate: In a 250 ml round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser for refluxing (90 °C) and a magnetic stirring bar, 5.00 g (5.95 mmol) dicyandiamide (three times crystallized), 7.47 g (11.9 mmol) sodium azide and 11.00 g (17.8 mmol) boric acid and 100 ml of water is added and allowed to reflux for 24 hours, after the completion of the reaction, until the solution pH to about 2 to 3 as hydrochloric acid 37% is added (about 12 ml) Then the reaction mixture was cooled in a refrigerator for 18 hours and the white crystals formed. The mixture was filtered and washed three times with 10 ml of water and and dried in 60 °C for 5 hours and finally 45.8 g of product by it will be obtained. 5-Aminotetrazol monohydrate:
The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions that take place on benzene, and how the presence of substituents in the ring affect the orientation of the incoming electrophile. Using acetanilide, as the starting material, glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid were mixed and stirred to produce p-nitroacetanilide. In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 3.305 g of acetanilide were allowed to mix with 5.0 mL of glacial acetic acid. This mixture was warmed in a hot plate with constantly stirring at a lukewarm temperature so as to avoid excess heating. If this happens, the mixture boils and it would be necessary to start the experiment all over again.
Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Sura Abedali Wednesday 2:00 PM January 31, 2018 Introduction: Dehydration reactions are important processes to convert alcohols into alkenes. It is a type of elimination reaction that removes an “-OH” group from one carbon molecule and a hydrogen from a neighboring carbon, thus releasing them as a water molecule (H2O) and forming a pi bond between the two carbons1. In this experiment, 2-methylcyclohexanol undergoes dehydration to form three possible products: methylenecylcohexane, 1-methylcyclohexene, and 3-methylcyclohexene in a Hickman still apparatus. Adding 85% Phosphoric Acid to protonates the “-OH” group, turning it into a better leaving group and initiating the dehydration reaction.
There are few vegetables and fruits that turns to the color brown if their surface is exposed to oxygen. Once the veggies or fruits been exposed to oxygen, then the browning begins to appear, and electrons and hydrogen will be removed. This happens because of an enzyme called catechol oxidase. The enzyme will act on its substrate catechol to form a yellow compound which then reacts with the oxygen in the air and change into benzoquinone. The more concentration of the enzyme, the more browning appears.
Introduction Chevron Phillips Chemical Company is the major producer of Cyclohexane. This successful company hoses the three largest cyclohexane plants in the world. Many are puzzled by how the production of cyclohexane seems to have become stagnant. Perhaps this is due to the cost of benzene increasing or the demand increasing. Through thorough investigation, the answer to this question and many more can be answered.
The Wittig reaction is valuable reaction. It has unique properties that allows for a carbon=carbon double bond to form from where a C=O double bond used to be located. Creating additional C=C double bonds is valuable due to its use in synthesis. The Wittig reaction will allow the synthesis of Stilbene (E and Z) from a Benzaldehyde (Ketcha, 141).
6.1 Introduction The peroxidase isolated from horseradish, HRP, is the most available and commonly used peroxidase. One factor that has limited its widespread and large-scale use is its high cost of production. A cost effective purification technology and exploringalternative sources with high peroxidase activity can help to bring down the cost of enzyme production. Peroxidase from roots of Raphanus sativus can serve as a cost effective alternative for HRP.