Artificial Intelligence: The Turing Test

Develop the concept/idea/issue you selected from your practice area into a relevant question This paper will evaluate and address issues surrounding never event in healthcare. In this regard, the guiding question for this analysis is, ‘How can never events be prevented in acute healthcare institutions?’ Describe the question According to Wilson and Giddens (2014), never events are adverse situations and serious medical errors that a patient should never experience.

Alan Turing is widely considered to be the father of the theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Was the enigma code unbreakable? The answer to it is No, because Alan Turing did what everyone considered to impossible, he broke the enigma code. Breaking the German enigma code proved to be the tipping point in the victory of the allied forces in World War 2. “Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23rd June 1912.

This was a box designed to hold animals and giving the animal contained access to food after carrying out a certain response. Using this procedure of reinforcement the animal learned to perform the response to get food as it associates this required behaviour with the reward of food. (Toates, F., 2010, p. 164) This principle can be applied to strengthen any behaviours whether it be positive or negative, and this research is an efficient technique used widely by many

Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

Abstract The use of medical AI in the healthcare industry has been a topic of much discussion and excitement in recent years. However, there is a growing concern that the hasty adoption of these technologies may be premature, and that the potential risks and drawbacks outweigh the potential benefits. This paper argues that at this stage, it is advisable to avoid using medical AI in healthcare.

This may also be known as learning from other people e.g. parents, teachers, siblings, peers and even the media. An example of modelling would be antisocial behaviour. This kind of behaviour can be learned through observation e.g. one

Jacob Ingram Dr Barnes First Engagements 29 August 2016 Keep or Trash: The Future of the Turing Test In The Most Human Human, an autobiography by Brian Christian, Christian outlines his journey of passing the Turing test as the “most human human”. The Turing test, says Graham Oppy who wrote an article in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, is “most properly used to refer to a proposal made by [Alan]Turing (1950) as a way of dealing with the question whether machines can think”(Oppy and Graham 1).

Despite a good first impression, looks can be deceiving. In “2001: A Space Odyssey” by the author Arthur C. Clarke, a mysterious Ai named Hal presents himself as a very intelligent computer who is extremely willing to help the crew with everything they request. Although appearing to be extraordinarily essential to the crews mission original mission, Hal has his own plans for the crew and ship. Instead of revealing the true mission to the crew he decides to keep it a secret. Part of his plan requires him to rid the ship called the Discovery of all human life.

"How do you tell what are real things from what aren't real things?" (Aldiss, 446) Since antiquity the human mind has been intrigued by artificial intelligence and the rapid development of computer science has also raised issues and questions. The short story “Super-toys Last All Summer Long” is written in 1969 by Brian Aldiss. Aldiss' tale is about the paradoxical loneliness of living in an overpopulated world.

Brandon Keim’s article deals with the use of Watson in the medical field and coping with the difficulties in it. After Watson’s winning the television game, some experts realized that it can be very useful in medicine because today technology can be used for each field and make things more effective and less expensive. But, there are also disadvantages. First, Watson’s training is done by computer scientists and clinicians who have to add the material of each subject to the database. Second, the machine should be creative, think like a good doctor and provide appropriate answers.

In Alan Turing’s paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, he proposes a thought experiment that would eventually be tested, and even later be beaten. He describes an experiment where a man and a woman are in two different rooms and an outside observer has to guess at the sexes of the participants. He then suggests that one of the participants be replaced with a computer. Once humanity is unable to tell the difference and will guess that the computer is human at the same rate that it will guess that it is a machine will answer Turing’s thesis of, “Can machines think?’ (434).

INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

Computer games that involve computer controlled characters, which opposes the character controlled by the human, have a ‘brain’ on their own. To test whether the computer controlled character exhibits human intelligence, an interrogator could play against the computer controlled character as well as a human controlled character. If the interrogator is able to notice a difference between the techniques and strategies used by the two characters, then according to the Turing test theory, the computer controlled character is not ‘intelligent’. Another artificial intelligent application which can be tested using a variation of the Turing test, is the future Google’s self - driving cars. The cars have only a start and stop button, and is relied on a very detailed map, and uses a GPS system to get to a destination.

Rise of Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Literature Review The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, authored by Nick Bostrom and Eliezer Yudkowsky, as a draft for the Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, introduces five (5) topics of discussion in the realm of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ethics, including, short term AI ethical issues, AI safety challenges, moral status of AI, how to conduct ethical assessment of AI, and super-intelligent Artificial Intelligence issues or, what happens when AI becomes much more intelligent than humans, but without ethical constraints? This topic of ethics and morality within AI is of particular interest for me as I will be working with machine learning, mathematical modeling, and computer simulations for my upcoming summer internship at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Norco, California. After I complete my Master Degree in 2020 at Northeastern University, I will become a full time research engineer working at this navy laboratory. At the suggestion of my NSWC mentor, I have opted to concentrate my master’s degree in Computer Vision, Machine Learning, and Algorithm Development, technologies which are all strongly associated with AI. Nick Bostrom, one of the authors on this article, is Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University and the Director at the Future of Humanity Institute within the Oxford Martin School.

I do not believe the field has been developed to its potential in any regard, and feel that considerable progress can be made to improve the interactive experience that users have with an artificial intelligence application. This genuine intrigue combined with my curiosity for the subject matter and the limitless potential of the field are the reason why I wish to pursue a greater depth of knowledge in artificial