The Importance Of Observational Learning

The way the author uses rhetoric in this essay as a way of strengthening the argument being made is excellent. The impact that the author gets by the use of rhetoric justifies that by using ethos the author can establishes credibility with the reader. Evidence that supports the author uses the lines “says Alan Kazdin, director of the Yale Parenting Center” (Khazan) to establish with the readers that they are not just reading an opinion paper from an individual not qualified to give reliable data such as a garbage man or a medical doctor. The author of the quote “The best way to reduce misbehavior is to provide abundant positive reinforcement for good behavior. Punishment in the form of unpleasant consequences might stop misbehavior, but it often has undesirable side effects.”

Initially, peer and family influences can greatly contribute to children committing juvenile acts. Mandel states “there are parents who

In chapter 7, I found the concept of punishment to be most intriguing. Punishment is a part of operant conditioning which was theorized by B.F. Skinner. Punishment is often confused with negative reinforcement. However, the main difference between the two is: while the goal of reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of a behavior, the primary goal of punishment is to reduce the chances of the behavior it follows. In 1938, Skinner concluded that punishment produces only temporary suppression of behavior but later research found that effects may be permanent.

Family members and peers play a significant role in future criminal behavior of a child. A child in an impoverished household is at greater risk in engaging in criminality than their counterparts. Furthermore, families with a weak structure have shown a correlation of higher risk of a child becoming criminal. This goes to show that if a child is brought up in a positive and financially stable environment the risk of a childs involvement in criminal behavior is lessened. Incidentally, children who have a difficult time socializing or become aggressive with other children in early school years are more likely to become criminal in the future.

Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

Understanding the risk and protective factors of child delinquency is imperative in order to create and implement treatment and intervention programs. Because children’s behavior develops during the first five years, it is important to know what risk and protective factors could increase the likelihood of a child becoming a child offender (Wasserman et al., 2003). Moreover, overcoming the risk factors would help prevent the child offender from becoming a juvenile, and later, adult offender. As Wasserman et al (2003) stated, “risk factors for child delinquency operate in several domains: the individual child, the child’s family, the child’s peer group, the child’s school, the child’s neighborhood, and the media” (pg.1). As one can see, children are exposed to risk in partially every aspect of their lives.

A serial killer is defined as a person who commits at least 3 murders over a period of more than a month, typically following a characteristic, predictable behaviour pattern (Fbigov, 2018). This essay will critically evaluate the different explanations for why someone would commit serial murders, with reference to reductionism. Reductionism is the belief that human behaviour can be easily explained by breaking it down into its constituent components. It is based on the scientific assumption of parsimony which is the idea that complex phenomena such as mental processes should be explained within the framework of basic sciences e.g. physiology, chemistry (Simplypsychologyorg, 2018). Psychological theories of crime look at the differences in individual

Whether you’re applying positive punishment and removing negative reinforcement, these two methods do not last very long and don’t benefit the child in any way. Behavior has consequences and consequences influence behavior. This is a voluntary response strengthened by positive reinforcement to increase and strengthen behavior. This type of response is more likely to happen. If you want the right thing to happen, reward it with positive measures.

JSTOR, doi:10.1093/swr/28.3.153. Accessed 4 Mar. 2018. Larzelere, Robert E., Ronald B. Cox Jr, and Gail L. Smith. "Do Nonphysical Punishments Reduce Antisocial Behavior More than Spanking?

During my group, I worked as a model of being polite, how to build relationship with others, how to respect others and so on. On one hand, I reinforced group members’ appropriate behaviors by using a scaling table to note their good performance and awarding group members who perform best, that is, group members who got the highest score in each session. On the other hand, I sat norms as well as punishment with group members at the beginning of the group and used punishment to avoid inappropriate and unexpected behaviors. Since most of group members aged 8 to 13, they were easily to break promises. Therefore, punishment was essential for regulating their behaviors and reminding them of their commitment, while positive reinforcement was also significant to raise their awareness of behaviors and facilitating proper behaviors.

We all know that parents, since the child is born, are always by their child’s side since they share a same home and should be the one to monitor their children while he or she is growing up. David P. Farrington (Farrington, n.d) stated that family factor, poor parental child-rearing methods especially lack of guidance and control from parents, is the most common answer when people are asked about the main cause of crimes. Moreover, according to Lieb Roxanne (1994), family components can predict an early sign of delinquency. Some weak way of predictions are based on the socioeconomic status of the family, and the less affection of the child to parents. However, the lack of guidance and letting the child to feel being unwanted is a strong predictor or root of

Handout on identity development during adolescence Adolescence is the years between the beginning of puberty and onset of adulthood. These are the years where most people develop a strong and stable identity. It is the period where children start to become conscious of their identity and its possible immediate consequences or future repercussions. Relationships between parents and the adolescents often decrease, and they start to prefer to spend more time with their peers.

Reinforcement and punishment are methods used in operant conditioning and both can be positive and negative but work in a unique way. Positive means you are adding something so you increase a behaviour and negative means you are taking something away so you decrease a particular behaviour. Reinforcement Reinforcement is used to help increase a specific behaviour in the future and if done correctly this behaviour will increase, occurring more frequently as the child develops.

When it comes to punishers there is no set theory on which events will function as a punisher. Thus, if you ignore a behavior, it will not be the best approach for a parent to help the adolescent eliminate certain behaviors. In each situation there has to be a reinforcement and a punishing contingency. These factors influence how a contingency function as a Punisher, this rich history of findings about reinforcement and punishment effects in the laboratory, led to the application of these principles to help people with real life problems. (Cipani. 2004).

One of the family factors responsible for crime is inadequate parenting. According to crime prevention research, certain kinds of parenting behavior or family environment form a high proclivity of juvenile involvement in crime. Poor parenting truly increases the risk of involvement in crime, and this can be reduce by improving the quality of parenting as proven by experiments designed to this discipline (Yoshikawa, H. 1994). Some of the parenting factors responsible for crime among juveniles include: parental neglect, which in most cases can happen due to large family size, which may lead to laxity in parental supervision.