Operant Conditioning Vs Classical Conditioning

Skinner in 1938.Operant conditioning is a form of learning which explains the relation of behaviors on certain rewards and consequences. The study of the theory only deals with expressible behaviors and not any internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms. Operant Conditioning works by applying two major concepts, Reinforcements and Punishments, after the behavior is executed, which causes the rate of behavior to increase or decrease. Skinner’s Skinner box experiment with a rat is the base for operant conditioning theory and its concepts. The main principle comprises changing environmental events that are related to a person's behavior.

Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

a. Positive reinforcement refers to empowering the response and making the response stronger and pleasantly repeatable. Positive reinforcement sometimes comes in the form of treats or toys for well-behaved children. b. Negative reinforcement refers to empowering the response by eliminating something unwanted and welcome. For example, parents giving into children’s unpleasant screeching by buying them a toy exemplifies negative reinforcement. c. Positive punishment refers to punishment by supplying someone with an object or action that they do not want.

A positive punishment would be the coach making me do shuttle runs to improve my stamina when trying to take the ball from an opponent after I had lost it or when the player has lost the ball I can assist in getting the ball back with stamina. The negative punishment would be would be if we as a team lose a match the coach makes us run endless laps and it would effectively stop us from losing any more matches. To summarize reinforcement elicits a positive response and a punishment elicits a negative

Within this theory there are two types of punishments and two types of reinforcements. Positive reinforcement deals with the presentation of positive stimuli after an action. Negative reinforcement is when a negative stimulus is taken away. Positive punishment is when undesired consequences are attached to a certain behavior. Lastly, negative punishment is when desired consequences are removed such as material items.

"In a non-punitive, “Discipline Without Punishment” approach, there's a new step added to the process — a positive contact. Just as the policy is expected to resolve employee problems when they arise, it also makes clear that supervisors are expected to recognize employees when they perform well." This approach this about correcting the behavior in a constructive way. This approach has been proven very successful. According to an article written by Harvard Business Review, titled, "Discipline Without Punishment": A nonpunitive approach to discipline represents the company’s refusal to make an employee’s career decision.

Whether you’re applying positive punishment and removing negative reinforcement, these two methods do not last very long and don’t benefit the child in any way. Behavior has consequences and consequences influence behavior. This is a voluntary response strengthened by positive reinforcement to increase and strengthen behavior. This type of response is more likely to happen. If you want the right thing to happen, reward it with positive measures.

INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

Positive reinforcement is the adding of an incentive or reward to stimulate a desired behavior. This will encourage or strengthen the behavior making it likely to happen again. On the other hand negative reinforcement is the opposite, rather than adding a stimulus, the stimulus is removed both positive and negative reinforcement are crucial to the motivational aspect of social learning. Every theory has its strengths and its weaknesses, social learning is no exception.

Conclusion Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away.

This differs from classical conditioning in that operant conditioning is searching for a certain behavior and will reward or punish the subject until the behavior is achieved, classical conditioning is not concerned with the reward or unconditioned stimulus, as long as the behavior is exhibited. As Kendra Cherry states, " One of the simplest ways to remember the difference between classical and operant conditioning is to focus on whether the action is voluntary or involuntary. "(Cherry,

Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence. An example of using positive reinforcement through operant learning is giving a dog a treat for going outside each time he uses the bathroom. Another example would be giving your child money for doing their chores or even praising your child for working hard on their psychology assignments. On the other side of the coin is negative reinforcement. For example, if your dog does not go outside to use the bathroom you would not reward him and would scold him instead for his bad behavior.

Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. 2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that

Table of Contents Introduction 3 Description 4 Operant Conditioning 4 Gate Control Theory 5 Interference Theory 6 Review 7 Conclusion 8 References 9   Introduction Operant Conditioning is a learning process, where decisions are controlled by the consequences. The name for it first came from Burrhus Skinner (1938), although he did not completely initiate the voluntary behavior studies. It was firstly studied extensively by Edward Thorndike.

Reinforcement and punishment are methods used in operant conditioning and both can be positive and negative but work in a unique way. Positive means you are adding something so you increase a behaviour and negative means you are taking something away so you decrease a particular behaviour. Reinforcement Reinforcement is used to help increase a specific behaviour in the future and if done correctly this behaviour will increase, occurring more frequently as the child develops.