Vegetable Oil Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction

It forms a complex with HBr and extracts it from the aqueous phase into the organic phase where the alkene is. This dehydrates the acid, making it more reactive so that the addition reaction is possible. Rapid stirring is required in order to maximize the surface area

First generation biofuel is made from food crops or feed stocks that can also be consumed as human food by extracting the oils through fermentation. Crops like wheat, sugarcane, corn, sugar beet and sorghum are some of the main sources of producing biofuel. Since their availability and extraction through conventional means they are termed as conventional biofuels. Most common first generation biofuel includes:- (1) Biodiesel.

It was the invention of the internal combustion engine that made fuels based on crude oils (i.e diesel and

Step one involves two-carbon acetyl group CoA is added to the four-carbon oxaloacetate to create six-carbon citrate. Step two the citrate loses a particle of water and gains another one. The citric acid is converted to the enzyme aconitase. Step three the isocitrate loses another molecule of carbon dioxide and can be oxidized by forming the five-carbon alpha ketoglutarate. Step four the alpha ketoglutarate is changed to the four-carbon succinyl CoA. A particle of carbon dioxide is deleted and NAD+ is changed to NADH + H+ during the process.

Good evening everyone, I am honored to join this conference, as the representer of Australia Biodiesel Council (ABC). My presentation considers the future of biofuels, in particularly, the future of energy in our world. Ladies and gentlemen, if I ask you what is the most urgent global issue that we are all facing, I would expect to hear the answer of global warming. It is evident that human activities, in our rapidly increasing demand for energy, have made detrimental effects on the environment, giving rise to a series of environmental issues.

Ethanol fuel produced from corn is a renewable energy source that hoped to replace fossil fuels as the main source of fuel for vehicles. It is produced mainly through the dry grind method, a process that involves liquification and fermentation. Ethanol has potential as an alternative energy source, but like most options, it has its advantages and disadvantages. There are various advantages to using ethanol fuel, some of which include the reduction of greenhouse gases produced, its biodegradable nature, its positive net energy balance, and the fact that most of the mechanisms required to initiate the widespread use of ethanol are already available. Ethanol minimizes damage to the environment while promising sustainability.

NH3(aq) + H+(aq) ↔ NH4+(aq) 8. In step 8, NaOH was added a drop at a time to an ammonia-ammonium ion buffer. By adding NaOH to the ammonia-ammonium ion buffer caused the pH to nearly stay the same, unlike what happened in step 1 where the pH went down after HCl was added.

Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are example of energy non-renewable energy. So that, as alternative to replace petroleum, the biodiesel from seaweed is used which it comes from sources of renewable energy. Besides that, when use petroleum, it will give many disadvantages such as greenhouse effect, global warning and increase composition of carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere. An atmospheric pollution comes from petroleum diesel when their combustion gives a primer or source for GHG (Sharif et al., 2008). Biodiesel is defined as a fuel made up from monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from bio-oils, usually fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and can be produced from vegetable oil

Next, the citrate is moved around to create isocitrate which donates a hydrogen ion and 2 of the electrons move to the NAD+ creating now the product of NADH. Alpha-ketoglutarate is created by removing the carbon dioxide from the

Vegetable oils, such as olive oil, were the dominant lubricants from as early as 1650BC until the introduction of petroleum based mineral oil in mid-1800s [Yao (2009)]. Later, the industrial revolution led to rapid and impressive development and production of automobiles, which greatly increased the market demand for lubricants. Low- priced mineral oil was more thermally and oxidatively stable than vegetable oils, and it has dominated the lubricant market since then [Scott (2003)]. Meanwhile, significant effort was devoted in developing synthetic oils with improved properties. Synthetic oils based only on hydrocarbons were introduced in the 1870s.

The United States currently produces a total of 35,779k t in biofuels. Biofuel is a resource equivalent to oil; the only difference is the production. The U.S produces 5.5bn L of biodiesel, 35.78m mtoe of biofuel and 56.2bn L of ethanol a year. Energy crops are crops that are not food that produces

Biodiesel is a very important fuel used around the world. It is used in everyday life here in the U.S. If you own a trucking business,farm or even a house that burns diesel to heat your house you couldn 't live as efficient without it. It is one of the most efficient fuel we have found to use today. It is cheaper to burn in truck because the diesel can produce more power using less product than gas.

Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, used cooking oils, and animal fats by the production process called “trans-esterification” to convert those mixtures to the chemicals which have long chain mono alkyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters which can be used as “fuel” for vehicles. Approximately, 100 pounds of vegetable oil react with 10 pounds of alcohol (commonly methanol) in the presence of a catalyst, sodium hydroxide; later, 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of glycerol (co-product) can be produced. For the glycerol which can be used for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Therefore, biodiesel can be considered as totally natural, alternative fuel source to be available for using in most of cases as similar as petrol or more specifically, “diesel distilled from petroleum”. Biodiesel is much safer than diesel from petroleum when biodiesel is escaped to the surrounding environment; moreover, it is much less inflammable as biodiesel’s flashpoint is 130°C as compared to petroleum diesel which is only 52°C.

However, it is well accepted that glycerol mass formation is currently achieved through the transesterification process due to the dramatic increase in the capacity of biodiesel production [4]. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel that comprises of fatty acid methyl esters produced by transesterification of glycerides with methanol. With the increasing in worldwide biodiesel production, resulting in a major concern on the by-product generated from of biodiesel produced by transesterification process. The market for the glycerol by-product of biodiesel production (transesterification process) was rapidly becoming saturated and created excess glycerol of less value as its supply exceeded its demand. Palm oil industry of Malaysia has historically made the country a major player in the biodiesel production that directly influences glycerol market.

The first is mixing it with petroleum diesel fuel, solvent, or gasoline. The second is using the oil as it is, usually called SVO fuel (straight vegetable fuel). The third is converting it to biodiesel. Vegetable oil is much thicker than either petro-diesel or biodiesel.