Acetonitrile Lab Report

%% Init % clear all; close all; Fs = 4e3; Time = 40; NumSamp = Time * Fs; load Hd; x1 = 3.5*ecg(2700). ' ; % gen synth ECG signal y1 = sgolayfilt(kron(ones(1,ceil(NumSamp/2700)+1),x1),0,21); % repeat for NumSamp length and smooth n = 1:Time*Fs '; del = round(2700*rand(1)); % pick a random offset mhb = y1(n + del) '; %construct the ecg signal from some offset t = 1/

1. Identify the range of senses involved in communication • Sight (visual communication), Touch (tactile communication), Taste, Hearing (auditory communication), Smell (olfactory communication) 2. Identify the limited range of wavelengths and named parts of the electromagnetic spectrum detected by humans and compare this range with those of THREE other named vertebrates and TWO named invertebrates. Figure 1: the electromagnetic spectrum source: www.ces.fau.edu Vertebrates Human Japanese Dace Fish Rattlesnake Zebra Finch Part of electromagnetic spectrum detected ROYGBV (visible light) detected by light sensitive cells in the eye called rods and cones.

Experiment and Results Sample 100 ng/µl DNA was extracted from the cricket Acheta domesticus using the phenol-chloroform methods described in Davies et al., 2012 [15], dissolved in Tris-HCl-EDTA (TE) buffer and kept frozen at -20˚C. In initial tests, portions of the extracted DNA were suspended at the same DNA concentration as the control sample in solutions of magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, lithium chloride, and nickel chloride. Each salt was mixed in three different concentrations, including 100 mM, 10 mM, and 0.1 mM. Then DNA in each salt concentration was incubated at different temperatures: 25˚C, 42˚C, 65˚C, and 95˚C, for fifteen minutes. The products were then loaded onto an agarose gel and allowed to run in

In this diagram we can see that acetaminophen consists of a benzene ring core, with hydroxyl and amide functional groups in proxy. Benzene (C6H6) is a hydrocarbon composed of 6 carbon atoms (92.26% of the molecule) and 6 hydrogen atoms (7.74% of the molecule) with alternating double and single bonds (resonance bonds) and is aromatic because of this. Benzene is a natural part of petroleum, usually <1.0% by weight, but is found in many things used today. Benzenes most common use is to produce ethylbenzene, with over half of the benzene used in the production of ethylbenzene. Benzene is a clear, colourless and highly volatile liquid which is soluble in water at an average room temperature (23.5o).

In a two-day experiment, an SN2 reaction was conducted and benzyl bromide, sodium hydroxide, and an unknown were used. In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, the nucleophile and the alkyl carbon determine if the reaction is an SN2 or SN1 reaction. In an SN2 reaction, the process occurs in one step and works best with a primary carbon along with a strong nucleophile. During the experiment, recrystallization was used to purified the product; meanwhile, the melting point range and thin layer chromatography (TLC) data were used to identify the product of the reaction. After the completion, the unknown chemical was determined as 4-chlorobenzyl phenyl ether.

In this lab there were five different stations. For the first station we had to determine an unknown mass and the percent difference. To find the unknown mass we set up the equation Fleft*dleft = Fright*dright. We then substituted in the values (26.05 N * 41cm = 34cm * x N) and solved for Fright to get (320.5g). To determine the percent difference we used the formula Abs[((Value 1 - Value 2) / average of 1 & 2) * 100], substituted the values (Abs[((320.5 - 315.8) /

The purpose of this experiment was to learn about metal hydride reduction reactions. Therefore, the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone, 9-fluorenone was performed to yield the secondary alcohol, 9-fluorenol. Reduction of an organic molecule usually corresponds to decreasing its oxygen content or increasing its hydrogen content. In order to achieve such a chemical change, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as a reducing agent. There are other metal hydrides used in the reduction of carbonyl groups such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Equation 3.1 can be simplified to the following equation γ(t,m;m_m )= e^(α-βm)/〖(t+c)〗^p (3.2) Where a_0=a+bm_m , α=a_0 ln⁡10 and β=b ln⁡10 are defined. |γ_m (t,m;m_m )|=|∂γ(t,m;m_m )/∂m|=e^α/〖(t+c)〗^p βe^(-βm) (3.3) Where |γ_m (t,m;m_m )| represents the absolute value of the partial derivative of γ(t,m;m_m ), and it is the instantaneous daily rate density of aftershocks of magnitude m at time t following a main-shock of magnitude m_m. e^α/〖(t+c)〗^p denotes the mean instantaneous daily rate of aftershocks at time t following the main-shock of magnitude m_m. βe^(-βm) is the exponential probability density function of aftershock magnitudes.

For an E2 reaction to occur, the two groups being removed had t be anti to each other. This was easily accomplished in

Catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol As a model reaction, we selected the reduction of 4-NP by NaBH4 to 4-AP. The reduction was followed with the aqueous solution in a standard quartz cell with a 1cm path length. The reaction process was as follows: 1.5 mL of 0.15 mM 4-NP was mixed with 1.0 mL of 0.02 M NaBH4 in the cell for UV-Vis measurements. Immediately, the colour change was observed from light yellow to deep yellow. 0.5 mL of AuNPs solution was added to the above mixture. The UV-Vis spectra were recorded with a time interval of 1 min in a scanning range of 200-600nm at ambient temperature (25±20C).

I. INTRODUCTION Different compounds can be classified based on the various chemical and physical properties such as solubility, conductivity, and melting point. Most of the chemical substances have unique features that allows sorting them to ionic, molecular, macromolecular and metallic compounds. Significantly, compounds divides into polar and non-polar, which can be checked by testing with polar and non-polar solvents. Electrical resistance related to the ability of the substance conduct electricity. Resistivity measured by ohmmeter classifies compound with under 2000 ohms as good conductors, which are usually aqueous ionic and solid metallic, between 2000-20,000 ohms as weak conductors, and above 20,000 ohms are non-conducting such as

Chemistry IA Background information: Introduction: Electrolysis it’s a chemical process that when you pass an electric current into a solution or a liquid that contains ions to separate substances back to their original form. The main components that are required for electrolysis to take a place are:  Electrolyte: it’s a substance that when dissolved in water it ionize and then it will contain free moving ions and without these moving ions the process of electrolysis won’t take place.  Direct current (DC): This current provides the energy needed to discharge the ions in the electrolyte  Electrodes: it’s an object that conducts electricity and it’s used in electrolysis as a bridge between the solution and power supply. A great example

The weak organic acid is largely un-ionized in the aqueous solution.  No apparent change is observed when the reaction is carried out because the solutions of the starting materials and the products are colorless. The organic acid is soluble in water and thus, does not separate. It is necessary to extract the

Aerobic catabolism is the first initial step in microbial degradation of PAH which involves incorporation of two atom of oxygen into the aromatic nucleus of the PAH in an enzymatic reaction catalysed by peroxidases, monoxygenase and oxygenase (Das and Chandran, 2010). The incorporation of oxygen into the structure of PAH is the rate limiting step. Oxidation reaction by dioxygenase enzymes incorporates two atoms of oxygen into PAH ring structure. Initial oxidative reaction by dioxygenase enzyme leads to the formation of cis-dihydrodiol (Bamforth and Singleton, 2005; Das and Chandran, 2010). Cis-dihydrodiol undergoes dehydrogenation reaction to form catechols.

Ltd. 4 Melting point Sentwin India 5 NMR Bruker Advance II 400MHz 7 Heating Mantle Inco 6 Structure builder Chem draw Ultra 8.0 4.2 Experimental work: 4.2.1 General procedure for Chalcones: 2’-hydroxy acetophenone or 2’-hydroxy propiophenone (0.2ml) and substituted benzaldehydes (0.5 g) were mixed in the round bottom flask. After that 40% NaOH solution (4g NaOH in 10 ml of distilled water) and ethanol were added in round bottom flask. The reaction mixture was stirred upto 6-48 hours. Completion of reaction was monitored in TLC plate (n-Hexane: Ethyl acetate 9:1). The reaction mixture was poured into ice cold water acidify with 1% HCl and precipitates were collected, filtered and dried and recrystalized with ethanol.