Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Lab Report

The hypothesis was supported by the employed methods. Introduction: This experiment was performed to show how bromination of alkenes reacts, and to be able to successfully synthesize meso-stilbene dibromide. The reaction of bromine with alkenes is an addition reaction where the nucleophilic double bond attacks the electrophilic bromine

The reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Carbonate led to the formation of gaseous Carbon Dioxide, aqueous water, and aqueous solution of Sodium Chloride as a result of all compounds containing alkali metals solubility. Lastly, Copper Sulfate and Sodium Carbonate reaction produced an aqueous sodium sulfate solution and a solid precipitate of Copper (II) Sulfite because of all alkali metals and sulfates ability to be soluble and the rule that any compound containing CO₃ is insoluble. In the end, the hypothesis that if we react mystery chemicals with one another, we will be able to identify the reactants and products, create balanced equations, and observe properties because of our prior knowledge learned throughout the course of the unit and using the known chemical reaction was accepted by the data

True. When the leaving group leaves, it typically makes a negative charge (anion) while the protic solvent is a cation. Electrons can then be donated forming a bond. Also, a strong nucleophile is not necessary in this mechanism.

For example, a lone pair from the oxygen in naphtholate anion attacks the carbon that is bonded to bromine from an allyl bromide molecule. This creates a partial C-O bond and a partial broken C-Br bond, then the C-O bond fully bonds

Luminol 5. Introduction In this experiment, luminol was prepared from 3-nitrophthalic acid and hydrazine under high heat. 3-nitrophthalic acid and hydrazine produced the precipitate 3-nitrophthalhydrazine, which was isolated using vacuum filtration. 3-nitrophthalhydrazine reacts with sodium dithionite to produce luminol.

the help of the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase ( PI ) this reaction occurs involving an isomerization reaction. This reaction includes the rearrangement of the the carbon-oxygen bond to transform the six membered ring. Rearrangement takes place when the six membered ring opens and then closes in such a way that the first carbon becomes now external to the

The purpose of this lab was to perform a Wittig reaction in order to test whether the counter ion in a base used in the reaction directly results in the formation of an E or Z product. Three bases -- LiOH, KOH, and NaOH -- will be reacted with acetonyl triphenylphosphonium chloride (a phosphonium salt). The product of that reaction will be reacted with p-annisaldehyde, and an NMR of each product will be taken and used to determine which isomer of each product is formed. In a Wittig reaction, an aldehyde or ketone is reacted with a ylide produced from an SN2 reaction with a phosphonium salt.

In this experiment, hydride reducing agents were used, since hydrides have spare electrons that they can donate to other compounds. Two popular hydride reducing agents, lithium aluminum hydride and sodium borohydride, were considered for this experiment. Since hydride reducing agents were used in this reaction, the reaction would have been extremely sensitive to proton sources, since

There are two types of nucleophilic substitution: SN2 and SN1. The SN2 reaction mechanism is concerted meaning it involves only one step where the bonds of the leaving group and nucleophile are being formed and broken simultaneously1. The rate for this mechanism is dependent on both the concentration of the nucleophile and alkyl halide. The following figure displays the general mechanism for a SN2 reaction. The SN1 reaction mechanism is stepwise meaning that the leaving group departs first to create a carbocation intermediate, which later bonds with the nucleophile.

For an E2 reaction to occur, the two groups being removed had t be anti to each other. This was easily accomplished in

In nucleophilic substitution reactions, there are two possibilities, either Sn1 or Sn2. In this particular experiment, an Sn2 reaction

Nucleophilic substitution reactions can be defined as reactions in which one nucleophile replaces another attached to a saturated carbon atom. A SN2 reaction occurs as a one step process also referred to as a second order due to its rate and is favored by 1°. For these reactions the intermediate is called pentavalent carbon because although there should never be more than four bonds on carbon, the nucleophile attacks as the same time the leaving group makes its way out causing the intermediate to have a broken bond with the leaving group while it forms a bond with the nucleophile. This is a bimolecular reaction, making the rate of a SN2 reaction dependent on the concentration of both the nucleophile and the substrate. The NaI acetone is a polar

Nucleophilic additions are possible with C60. The first examples can be found in the addition of organolithium or Grignard compounds, but also the addition of cyanide groups and of hetero-groups containing phosphorous or silicon follow the same route. Nucleophilic additions results in monofunctionalized fullerene and usually occur in a 1,2-addition fashion. As reported by Hirsch, the reaction with nucleophiles starts with the formation of an intermediate NunC60n- that can be later stabilized by the addition of an electrophile (E+) or neutral E-X to give C60(ENu)n, an SNi or internal addition reaction to give methanofulleres and cyclohexenofullerenes, or by oxidation to give C60Nu2.[39] It is to be noticed that, technically, the Bingel-reaction

Therefore, they can undergo electrophilic substitution reaction and the attacking species, in this case, will be an electrophile. The +M effect will result in the concentration of electron density at ortho −and para −positions. However, electrophilic substitution reactions with respect to the haloarene reactions are slow in comparison to benzene reactions. This is because the halogen group present in haloarenes are deactivating because of the –I effect.

1. Introduction The power source and an engine which provides a driving force and fuel to the body is energy, which is not lost but, maintained by exertion and usage. The breakage of intake food and absorption of minerals provide the energy to our body cells for doing metabolic activities, thus food is important. According to the Newton law of motion, our body was planned to be in motion, when we are in an apparent motion, body provides energy to carry out its activities which can be metabolic, physical and mental etc.