Oxidation Of Cyclohexanol Lab Report

Purpose The purpose of the experiment was to determine the molar mass of unknown solute number 1. This was done by using colligative properties of solutions specifically, freezing point depression. Colligative properties depend on the number of molecules that are present in the solution rather than the nature of the molecules [1]. This fact is useful because knowing this allows one to use the properties of the number of molecule in the solution without needing to worry too much about the nature of the molecules.

The Jones test was performed using cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone as controls, and testing the starting material, 2-methylcyclohexanone, and the product. The product yielded a positive result, indicating the presence of an alcohol functional group. Brady’s test was also run and the product yielded a negative result, indicating there was no ketone present. These tests together indicate that the starting material fully reacted to form the product because the starting material had a ketone and the product did not have the ketone but rather had an alcohol. The gas chromatogram of the product was analyzed and had two peaks, the first at retention time 26.2 min and A of 125.33, with a concentration of 120.69, the second at retention time 27.2 min and A of 496.33, with a concentration of

1. Introduction Epoxides (or oxiranes) are highly versatile intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Nature also uses them as intermediates in many key biosynthetic pathways. However, there are other functions of epoxides in biological systems. They can impart localised structural rigidity, confer cytotoxicity by alkylation, or be secondary metabolites [1].

Production of Acrylonitrile using Ammoxidation of Propylene Almost 90% of world production of acrylonitrile (AN) was produced by ammoxidation of propylene process also known as SOHIO process (Standard oil of OHIO). The main chemical reaction and the side reaction occurred in ammoxidation process happen as listed below: Main Chemical reaction: C_3 H_6+ 〖NH〗_3+ 〖3⁄2 O〗_2 → C_3 H_3 N+ 〖3H〗_2 O Propylene+Ammonia+Oxygen →Acrylonitrile+Water (1) Side Reaction: C_3 H_6+ 〖NH〗_3 + 〖9/4 O〗_2 → C_2 H_3 N+ 〖3H〗_2

There are few vegetables and fruits that turns to the color brown if their surface is exposed to oxygen. Once the veggies or fruits been exposed to oxygen, then the browning begins to appear, and electrons and hydrogen will be removed. This happens because of an enzyme called catechol oxidase. The enzyme will act on its substrate catechol to form a yellow compound which then reacts with the oxygen in the air and change into benzoquinone. The more concentration of the enzyme, the more browning appears.

1.0 Introduction Oxalates which refer to any salt or ester of oxalic acid are common constituents of plants and are found in the majority of plant families. They occur either as free acids, soluble salts of potassium, sodium and magnesium and the insoluble salt of calcium. The amount of oxalates in plants ranges from a few percent of dry weight to up to 80% of the total weight of plants. (Garcia-Fernandez et al., 2014) The amount of oxalates in plants ranges from a few percent of dry weight to up to 80% of the total weight of the plant.

The lab testing consists of investigating the rate of oxidation of Acid Sulfate Soils with variant temperatures. Since the transformation from PASS to AASS involves a significant pH drop to approximately one, rate of reaction and time was measured until the pH levels in the reaction even out at a low pH of approximately one. Appendix A & B demonstrate the oxidation reaction trials for each temperature over time, with pH levels recorded once every second. The time when the data stopped recording was determined when either the reaction had finished, or the time exceeds twelve minutes. This time limit was set due to a constricted time allowance of experiments.

PChem Experiment No. 3 Cryoscopic determination of molecular weight 1. Aims To determine the apparent molecular weight of benzoic acid in cyclohexane by creating a binary system and finding the different freezing points of the solutions. 3. Experimental Procedure A dry, empty freezing-point tube and its cork were weighed together.

EXPERIMENTAL RATIONALE Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon only1 and can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of hydrogens that can be present, given the number of carbons in the compound, for example, acyclic alkanes. A hydrocarbon is unsaturated if a hydrogen can be added1. This is a result of a hydrogen in the molecule being replaced, for example, with a double or triple bond or ring structure.

The different possible substrates for avocado catechol oxidase have very different Km’s and Vmax’s (Table 1). The Km’s range from 0.7 to 95, and the Vmax’s range from 0.58 x 105 to 17 x 105. The enzyme’s own substrates catechol has a Km of 6.5 and a Vmax of 5.4 x 105. Some of the substrates are better suited for catechol oxidase than others.

Polyester is synthetic fiber which mainly derive organic chemical compound from coal, air, water and petroleum and have the ester linkage. According to How (2015), the chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol formed polyester where a combination of two or more molecules form large molecule whose the structure repeats throughout its length. Researched by Smith (n.d) mentioned that production of polyester is by the chemical reaction of ethylene glycol with either terephthalic acid or its methyl ester in the presence of antimony catalyst to produce initially the monomer and low molecular mass oligomers. i. Starting from the acid: Direct esterification reaction.

3.1 ABSTRACT The intermolecular interactions in the N-methylformamide with acetophenone, cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone) binary liquid systems are studied in combined experimental and computational methodology. The speed of sound (u), density (ρ) and viscosity ( ) values are measured for binary mixtures of N-methylformamide with ketones over the entire range of mole fraction at temperatures T= (303.15 to 318.15) K, at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental results, the values of excess molar volume ( ), excess isentropic compressibility (κsE), deviation in viscosity (η) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow ( ) are evaluated. The experimental results indicate the intermolecular association between the binary liquid

Equal parts of both monomers are combined with water in a reactor. This mixture is then crystallised to make nylon salt, which has specifically stoichiometric equivalents. The nylon salt formed then goes into a reaction vessel which is where the polymerisation process takes place in either in batches or continuously. Removing water drives the reaction n HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH + n H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 → [-OC-( CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-] n + 2n H2O to polymerisation through the acid and amine functions forming amide bonds.

Butyl ethanoate has a fruity smell and can be described as a pear smell. Its molecular formula is CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 and, like in this experiment can be produced from butanol and acetic acid. Butyl ethanoate is a colourless, flammable liquid which often is used in organic chemistry as a solvent. In industry, butyl ethanoate is used to manufacture lacquers, artificial leather, photographic films, plastics and safety glasses. Due it it’s fruity, pear odour it is used in flavouring and fragrance, however at extremely high concentrations butyl ethanoate is toxic

In Chemistry, compounds are defined as any substance that is composed of atoms of two or more elements that are combined in fixed ratios. Compounds can often be reduced in order to separate their elements and study their properties. Compounds such as water (H2O) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for example, both contain oxygen and can therefore undergo a process of decomposition that will isolate the elements in order to calculate the quantity of each element and molecule present in the compound. Any compound with oxygen can be decomposed through the addition of heat which will eventually release the oxygen, thereby leaving only the other elements. Decomposition reactions are essentially chemical changes in which a single compound is broken down into two or more single products (Wilbraham, 2008).