The lab testing consists of investigating the rate of oxidation of Acid Sulfate Soils with variant temperatures. Since the transformation from PASS to AASS involves a significant pH drop to approximately one, rate of reaction and time was measured until the pH levels in the reaction even out at a low pH of approximately one. Appendix A & B demonstrate the oxidation reaction trials for each temperature over time, with pH levels recorded once every second. The time when the data stopped recording was determined when either the reaction had finished, or the time exceeds twelve minutes. This time limit was set due to a constricted time allowance of experiments. It is evident that across all the different initial temperatures, each of the individual …show more content…
Over the weeks of testing, within each day there consisted systematic errors that would result in increased or decreased values specific to those conditions. This included the calibration of the pH probes, as well as the temperature and location of the trials. Trials on hotter days or under the sun will increase in temperature quicker, affecting the reliability of that result. Over the coming days of trials, the systematic error adds inconsistently until the error becomes random on a global view. Other indeterminate random error consists in the apparatus and measuring accuracy, fluctuating at half the measurement of the lowest measurements made. This was especially important in the measurement of liquids, with +/- 0.05 millilitre differences in either the Hydrogen or the distilled water. Since these two liquids get added together, the error values add to create an overall uncertainty sum. This therefore provides the ASS and solution combined an error uncertainty of +/- 0.1mL. Due to the nature of this experiment however, this error is neglect able and the general trends form with high …show more content…
Specifically, this investigation analyses how the initial temperature effects the rate of Hydrogen Peroxide oxidising Potential Acid Sulfate Soil. Only when a rapid reaction took place, PASS has been oxidised using Redox theory with the presence of pyrite or other sulphides to react. The hypothesis that the rate of oxidation is correlates with the initial temperature of the solution is true, with the theory being supported that the higher temperatures result in increased reaction speed. This lab test was conducted over two different depths of PASS, with three trials of five temperatures for each of the two depths. The first and most obvious form of evidence lays within the averaged pH levels over time. From this graph, for each individual depth, the gradient and domain of each of the temperatures are displayed, and from this raw data it is evident that the higher temperatures have the greatest gradient, thus reacting the quickest and therefore having the fastest reaction rate. Despite the two depths reacting at different speeds due to the levels of sulphides in the soils, they both portray these same trends. What is especially noticeable within the Figures Five and Six is the two lowest temperatures do not complete reacting within the graphs domain. For the other three data points, each increment of temperature is distinguishably apart, taking longer
In the first part of the experiment, Part A, the standard solutions were prepared. As a whole, the experiment was conducted by four people, however, for Part A, the group was split in two to prepare the two different solutions. Calibrations curves were created for the standard solutions of both Red 40 and Blue 1. Each solution was treated with a serial 2-fold dilution to gain different concentrations of each solution.
This experiment had water and the amount as a control as well as the size of the metal were also kept same. the This was why the experiment was repeated multiple times on different days. A standard deviation was found for each element when calorimeter constant and specific heat were calculated. Tuesday was the day with the least amount of deviation which meant it was the day with the most precise when calorimeter constants were compared (Table 1).
Introduction: Enzymes are needed for survival in any living system and they control cellular reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for molecules to begin reacting with each other. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces energy that is required for a specific reaction to occur. Enzymes determine their functions by their shape and structure. Enzymes are made of amino acids, it 's made of anywhere from a hundred to a million amino acids, each they are bonded to other chemical bonds.
Dioxins, non-volatile organics, were found in the reduced in the soil with the highest concentration approximately 300 parts per billion (ppb) and in smaller concentrations in been found in leachate collected from remedial holding tanks, soil samples from the canal and backyards of nearby homes and sediment and marine life.10 The reduced form of dioxin binds so tightly to charged soil particles that it poses virtually no risk to leaching or mobility.2 Therefore the soil contaminated with
A discrepancy between both vertical and horizontal values for the meter stick arises, which is resolved by calculating the average of both the horizontal and vertical meter stick
This was done to get more accurate results. The first time the experiment was conducted it was tested at three different time points, at zero minutes, fifteen minutes and
The control in the experiment is water. Units used while timing the productivity of gas from an Alka-Seltzer tablet in different temperatures is, seconds. In order to find out if temperature controls the rate of chemical reaction, whether hot water is a more effective way to make the gas produce at a faster speed, it would be necessary to compare the results of different temperatures at the end of each trial. In order to do this the scientists will measure the volume of gas that is produced within a 10 second interval time after the tablet begins to react.
These small errors may be arised as a result of temperature. Because the accurate mesuring process took much time and during this time the temperature of water was decreasing. Among two methods the density bottle gives more accurate measurement of the volume, resulting in more accurate determination of density. One of disadvantages of hydrometer is that hydrometer has Operator dependent readings, therefore has limited accuracy. Morever, for measuring the density using hydrometer large sample volume is required.
CLAIRE MUNTING 29/01/2018 Criterion C EFFECTS OF SURFACE AREA OF CALCIUM CARBONATE UPON RATE OF REACTION Calcium Carbonate Chips 1 Introduction: Within the current investigation, the effects of the surface area of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in combination with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) upon its rate of reaction. CaCO3, commonly referred to as limestone, is an organic substance and is, in a sense, the crystallised “carbonic salt” of the element, calcium2. In addition to being a salt, the pH level of Calcium Carbonate is 9.91, and it is therefore, a basic substance, due to the fact that it is comprised of a pH level higher than 7, which is neutral3. HCl, however, is the bodily acid found in the stomach of human beings.
Aim: To find out the relationship between the greater concentration of sodium thiosulfate when mixed with hydrochloric acid and the time it takes for the reaction (the time it takes for the solution to turn cloudy) to take place and to show the effect on the rate of reaction when the concentration of one of the reactants change. Introduction: The theory of this experiment is that sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid reach together to produce sulfur as one of its products. Sulfur is a yellow precipitate so, the solution will turn to yellow color while the reaction is occurring and it will continue until it will slowly turn completely opaque. The reaction of the experiment happens with this formula: “Na2 S2 O3 + HCL =
Acids are proton donors in chemical reactions which increase the number of hydrogen ions in a solution while bases are proton acceptors in reactions which reduce the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore, an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than a basic solution; and basic solution has more hydroxide ions than an acidic solution. Acid substances taste sour. They have a pH lower than 7 and turns blue litmus paper into red. Meanwhile, bases are slippery and taste bitter.
Chemistry IA Background information: Introduction: Electrolysis it’s a chemical process that when you pass an electric current into a solution or a liquid that contains ions to separate substances back to their original form. The main components that are required for electrolysis to take a place are: Electrolyte: it’s a substance that when dissolved in water it ionize and then it will contain free moving ions and without these moving ions the process of electrolysis won’t take place. Direct current (DC): This current provides the energy needed to discharge the ions in the electrolyte Electrodes: it’s an object that conducts electricity and it’s used in electrolysis as a bridge between the solution and power supply. A great example
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.
Abstract The unknown concentration of benzoic acid used when titrated with standardized 0.1031M NaOH and the solubility was calculated at two different temperatures (20◦C and 30◦C). With the aid of the Van’t Hoff equation, the enthalpy of solution of benzoic acid at those temperatures was determined as 10.82 KJ. This compares well with the value of 10.27KJ found in the literature.
In South China, a study was conducted to analyze the impact of acid rain on two types of soils – the Plinthudult and Paleudalfs soils (Dai 4216). Firstly, acid rain reduces the soil fertility of all soils due to all of the toxic metal ions present, as well as the soil’s resulting nutrient deficiency. However, this study led to the finding that the extent to which acid rain affects soil can be attributed to the soil’s chemical composition. For instance, the Plinthudult soil can be found in areas where there is heavy rainfall. Because of this, the Plinthudult soil “contains large proportions of 1:1 – type clay minerals and hydrous oxides of iron and aluminum,” which makes it more susceptible to fluctuations in pH. Due to its environment, the Plinthudult soil evolved to have a low buffering capacity (Dai 4217).