Japanese Synthesis Lab Report

An error that could have been present during the lab includes not letting the zinc react completely with the chloride ions by removing the penny too early from the solution. For instance, the percent error of this lab was 45.6%, which was determined by the subtraction of the theoretical percent of Cu 2.5% and the experimental percent of Cu 3.64% and dividing by the theoretical percent of Cu 2.5%. This experiment showed how reactants react with one another in a solution to drive a chemical reaction and the products that result from the

Then the mass of the copper metal and the percentage of Cu were obtained and compared throughout different groups and a mean and standard deviation was calculated for the

Further experimentation with multiple trials could strengthen these results. Although some errors were made with the mineral solution from the filtration process, the percent error calculated for the mineral was partially accurate. The theoretical value of Cu2+was calculated to be 57.48%, while the experimental value was 50.6%. The percent error was was not below 5 percent, but it was below 20 percent, which is fairly good. This result supports that the methods used during this experiment are sound.

1. What was your theoretical yield and your percent yield? Theoretical yield: 3.9151 g Percent yield: 79.30% 2. An accurate percent yield must be below 100% Why?

Diphenyl ether (2 mL) was added to the reaction tube and the reaction tube was heated again until all of the solid dissolved. Then the reaction tube was cooled to room temperature and toluene (2 mL) was added to the tube and placed in an ice bath. Finally the product was collected using vacuum filtration and washed with toluene. The light brown product was dried and weighed (0.088 g, 0.165 mmol,

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM: Eucalyptol is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is lipid soluble and absorption is enhanced in the presence of milk. Inhalation of the liquid is directly toxic to the lungs; however there is no data suggesting systemic absorption via lungs 8. Eucalyptol undergoes oxidation in vivo with the formation of hydroxycineole which is Excreted as glucuronide 9.

First off, an empirical formula is the lowest whole number value of atoms within a molecule of a compound (Grossie and Underwood, 25). In contrast, a molecular formula can be the different from an empirical formula, in which it can be determined from the molecular weight of each element of a compound (Determining Empirical and Molecular Formula, 1). The empirical formula for hydrated copper sulfate is described in Equation 1, with x, y, and z as the subscripts that need to be determined (Grossie and Underwood,

Acetylation Lab Summary Two versions of the same experiment were performed to assess the difference in reactivity of certain amines with acetic anhydride. Throughout both experiments, observations were made about the reaction progress. The starting materials and products were characterized using thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and melting point. During the first week, I dissolved 0.512g of aniline in 8.5mL of water, and added 5.5mL of 1M HLC.

Valenzuela et. al. (1995) [100] has proposed a hydrometallurgical procedure for the separation of molybdenum from Chilean molybdenite concentrate. The molybdenite concentrate was first leached with nitric acid originated from the reaction of NaNO3 and H2SO4, which provided a solid phase, composed of MoO3 and residual solution. Molybdenum was separated with alkylphosphonic acid PC-88A by solvent extraction method, from the leach liquor containing copper, rhenium and iron among other impurities.

To our knowledge, the synthesis of some ILs from Table 4, for example, tetra alkyl ammonium with different carboxylic anions has not been published yet. As it was stated in the objectives, the selection of the Feed/IL ratio aimed at the least amount of IL required for reducing the N-content just enough to facilitate the HDS process. In this case, by using IL 1 and the MM1, MM2 and MM3 mixtures (Figure 2), it could be seen that a ratio of 20/1 was sufficient for attaining a good extraction level. It seems that the

The first step of the creation of verdigris was preformed using the following reaction (1): 4CuSO4*5H2O(aq) + 6NH3(aq) CuSO4*3Cu(OH)2(s) + 3(NH4)2SO4(aq) + 14H2O(l) Based on this chemical equation, four moles of hydrated copper sulfate reacted with six moles of ammonia to produce a precipitate of copper sulfate tribasic along with aqueous ammonium sulfate and liquid water. It was known that a chemical reaction was occurring when the ammonia was being added via the color change from light blue to dark blue. The precipitate formed from this solution was acquired via vacuum filtration, which involved the solution being separated from the precipitate via air pressure flowing out of the flask. The air pressure flowing out of the flask was caused by a faucet that was running water which was attached to a tube that was attached to the collection flask.

Introduction The purpose of this lab is to see how organisms are related by proteins they evolved to have. This experiment is important because it shows the relationships of organisms and how they evolved. The question to answer is how closely related are organism to each other Background Hox genes (also known as homeotic genes) are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. After the embryonic segments have formed, the Hox proteins determine the type of segment structures (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different types of vertebrae in humans) that will form on a given segment.

In precipitation process, large volumes of sludge are generated which can present dewatering and disposal problems [11], as well as re-carbonation of the softened water are needed [3]. Ion-exchange resin have been widely used to remove calcium and magnesium ions due to their many advantages, such as high capacity and fast kinetics [12-14]. However, ion-exchange resins must be regenerated by chemical reagents when they are saturated and the regeneration can cause serious secondary pollution. In large scale, application of resin is expensive [11]. In recent years, various method such as nanofiltration [15, 16], capacitive deionization [17], electrodialysis [18], electrochemical treatment [19] and, adsorption [20, 21] have been widely studied for ions removal from aqueous solution, especially water softening.

As humans we live for our dreams and aspirations, yet we know so little about their biological purpose and function. The neural basis of dreaming is an enigma that many scientists have pondered over for centuries. From Plato and Aristotle’s theory of consciousness to Sigmund Freud’s hypothesis that dreaming is essentially a safety valve for our unconscious desires, numerous theories have made their way into the medical journals. Today, however, scientists tend to generally support one of these two surprisingly contrasting theories; activation synthesis and threat simulation. Activation Synthesis describes that (insert definition of activation synthesis).

Adsorption is one of the major process used for the removal of Cr(VI) worldwide because it is inexpensive, widely applicable, efficient and creates little amount of sludge(Kannan and Rengasamy, 2005). Chromium can be removed using adsorbents of natural as well as chemical origin. However, these bio-adsorbents have various disadvantages like waste may itself contain various toxicants and subsequently increase the organic content of water. Studies have showed adsorption capacities and applicability for some low-cost materials, among others like alluminium oxide, chitosan, bentonite, saw dust and waste slurry (Dubey and Gopal, 2007). Activated carbon is an effective inexpensive adsorbent which has use in various industries to purify water (D Mohan and Chander, 2001;