Recently, a number of clustering algorithms have been proposed to select a cluster-head, based on various parameters such as speed and direction, mobility, energy, position, and the number of neighbours of a given node. Though these works have many advantages, there are certain limitations like high computational overheads for both clustering algorithm execution and update operations. Hussein,A.H, et al[4] have proposed the Highest-Degree Algorithm, also known as Connectivity-Based Algorithm ,in which the degree of nodes is assumed to be the number of neighbours of a given node. The major drawbacks of this algorithm are the degree of a node changes rapidly and the cluster-heads are not likely to play their role as cluster-heads for very long …show more content…
A node is selected as a cluster head if its weight is higher than any of its neighbor’s weight; otherwise, it joins a neighboring cluster-head. The smaller weighted node ID is chosen in case of an equality. The DCA makes an assumption that the network topology does not change during the execution of the algorithm. Since node weights were different in each simulation cycle, identifying the cluster-heads becomes very expensive and there are no optimizations on the system parameters such as throughput and power control. The enhanced performance clustering algorithm (EPCA) for MANET [10] involves in identifying the deserved cluster heads, based on the stability of the nodes. Since the weight of the node is varied dynamically the selection of the cluster head is not done periodically. This work doesn’t find the re-affiliation which determines the stability of the node. In this approach the numbers of clusters are more than in other algorithm which increase the communication overhead and affects the related …show more content…
It corresponds to nodes that disconnect from current cluster and move to another cluster. Here the idea reflects on the cluster head election, to consider relative mobility to select stable cluster head. In WCA, the running average speed for every node till current time T is computed as follows (1) where (Xt, Yt) and (Xt – 1, Yt – 1) are the coordinates of the node ‘i’ at time ‘t’ and ‘(t – 1)’ respectively. This value is an indication of the absolute mobility of a node and it does not provide any information about the stability between a node and its neighbours, i.e, the relative stability. The novelty of the Proposed Trust Based Weighted Clustering Algorithm is that, it has taken into account the node’s relative mobility with the help of stability factor and trust value so as to identify a stable trusted node as the cluster-head, and thus reduces the number of reaffiliations which has not been actually done in
Hash queries. To respond to H queries, C maintains a list of tuples called the H-list. The list is initially empty. When A issues a hash query for a conjunctive keyword W_i={W_1 ||
There are many different types of spanning tree protocol some of which are outdated and not used regularly anymore,
Understanding networking is a fundamental part of configuring complex environments on the internet. This has implications when trying to communicate between servers efficiently, developing secure network policies, and keeping your nodes organized. Every location or device on a network must be addressable. This is simply a term that means that it can be reached by referencing its designation under a predefined system of addresses. In the normal TCP/IP model of network layering, this is handled on a few different layers, but usually, when we refer to an address on a network, we are talking about an IP address.
Mass vs Tangential Velocity K.Kirtanaa, Ms. Perez, November 14, 2016 Research Question: What is the effect of increasing mass on tangential velocity? Introduction: The experiment explores the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The independent variable is what you change in an experiment.
English essay The story Walking The Boundaries written by Jackie French starts as Martin, a young boy going to his grandfathers house. Martin comes to walk the boundaries of the farm that has been in his family for generations. It sounds easy especially because he’ll own the land when he gets back. Along martins journey he meets two characters from past generations, Meg and Wulamudulla.
Picasso at the Lapin Agile, by Steve Martin, is a comically written play that takes place a time long ago. In this play, Steve Martin seems to be saying a lot about humanity and how it has changed from the early 1900s to the late 1900s. He shares this idea that the values of people have changed over time. At one point in time, important components of what makes a person who they are, was treasured and easily accepted and understood. With the use of Picasso, Einstein, and Elvis, there is a balance in different personalities, careers, and opinions.
Nearly 3,000 people drowned in the Mediterranean Sea last year. Anytime someone swims in a large body of water, they have a risk of drowning. In the story, Through the Tunnel written by Doris Lessing there are many challenges and breakthroughs that the main character Jerry has to go through as he swims in the Mediterranean Sea. Jerry had the greatest breakthrough because he faced physical limitations, and he had to overcome peer pressure.
The affinity-seeking construct “describes ways people get others to like and feel positive about them. The research is grounded in the presumption that people attempt to generate liking by using various communication strategies.” (Bell & Daly, 1984). In other words, in our efforts to develop affinity with others, we strategically try to communicate our nonverbal and verbal messages in a positive way. Therefore, we hope they will perceive it in a positive light and get a positive response in return.
1.The robber barons were Andrew Carnegie JP Morgan and John D. Rockefeller. These individuals were known as robber barons because they were eliminating competition by high pricing and overcharging while managing their monopoly. 2. Trunk lines were four major railroad networks that emerged after the civil war which connected eastern sea ports to western rivers as well as great lakes. The federal government loaned $65 million to western railroads and donated millions of acres.
If we as humans can weed out the people who aren’t trustworthy, on a small and large scale, there won’t be as much conflict, but if we fail to do this then hostility will still be at ease worldwide. Friends betraying others in junior high are major issus and resolving the issue as a whole is highly unlikely, but if we separated those we could trust with those we can’t it would save us all the headache. So, is letting go of trust the key to survival? After reading this book I believe trust is still something that is appreciated from the right people, but from the wrong people, the results can be
Trust is what makes the world go round. Without trust, people wouldn’t know how to live. Sometimes trust can cause a person’s downfall. In Macbeth, trust fools plenty of citizens in Scotland. Although some people may become skeptical too quickly, people should be careful who they trust because people can have bad intentions and betray each other no matter what.
I love the asymmetric multi-layered design of Bailey 44 sweater as it really stands out amongst other knitwear pieces. It looks refined and edgy, but not too trendy so you can wear it for many years to come. Another great thing about this pullover is that it comes in a perfect length so you can wear the piece not only with pants (obviously!), but also with a mini dress. Since my sweater comes in navy (there is also grey version available), I decided to style it with a mustard ruffle dress and knee-high boots. I also wore it with tight black leather pants and matching ankle boots.
Overview and Mission Statement The Counseling Department at Michelle Obama High School, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, seeking a grant to create Capture This, a program with the objective of helping students explore their creativity through artistic contexts which allows students to be creative and obtain new knowledge and skills with the Media Arts fields. This program will allow students hands-on access to explore digital animation graphic design, television production, interactive media, film, and sound/recording technology. The Capture This program will give students access to technology education at will benefit them in the future when consider careers.
Introduction In this paper, I will consider what Motoori Norinaga 's Monono Aware exactly is, mainly from three aspects. One aspect is history, which shows when the concept of Monono Aware appeared, and whether Motoori Norinaga’s ways of thinking were changed or not as time went by. Also, I will look at some literature written before Tale of Genji, to check how Monono Aware was used in such literature. And second aspect is, whether there is any difference between "Monono Aware" and "Aware".
CHAPTER-3 CROW SEARCH ALGORITHM Introduction Mankind has a long and checkered past with crows and ravens: They have been feared as symbols of death, because they 're all black and scary, revered as creators of the world because, well, it was either them or the seagulls, and worshiped as trickster gods, because of their baffling intelligence. Many scientists think that corvids - the family of birds that includes crows, ravens, rooks and jays - may be among the most intelligent animals on earth, based on their ability to solve problems, make tools and apparently consider both possible future events and other individuals ' states of mind. Lot of research that has been done with crows because they are such intelligent species and few measures