Although London is ranked the second largest city in the European Union area, it is not particularly distinguished by a predominant architectural style or any striking monuments or dramatic public buildings that so many of its neighboring cities such as Paris or Rome boast. In 1766, John Gwynn described London as being “inconvenient, inelegant, and without the least pretension to magnificence or grandeur …” (Gwynn, 45). Although the architecture since the time of John Gwynn may not satisfy his desire for magnificence or grandeur, many parts of London have grown to exhibit strong, distinguished urban qualities. This is mainly due to the development of the ‘Great Estates’ and the influences of their landowners. While Louis XIV imposed his grand …show more content…
During his reign, however, Henry VIII purchased or expropriated most of the land that is known today as the West End. The dissolution of the monasteries, during which Henry VII disbanded Roman Catholic monasteries, brought upon major changes in the ownership of land previously owned by the Church (See Figure 1). As a result, by the end of the 17th century, most of the area ended up in private hands because Henry VIII and his successors leased or sold acres of land in an attempt to gain funds or reward court favorites. These private landowners had great impact on their estates and the development of London. Since the spreading of land to various owners, London has progressed as a series of estates, each located in distinctive areas within the capital and each with a unique …show more content…
Although they had acquired the land a full century earlier, it was not until the granting of building agreements for Bedford Square in 1776 that advanced construction began. Earl of Southampton, having apparent long-term vision for his estate, provided for successful future redevelopment with those grants, which allowed the estate to “pull down, replan, and rebuild” after leases fell (Olsen, 43). These establishments involved sophisticated town planning that surpassed all others in London at the time and successfully “transformed northern Bloomsbury into a restricted upper-middle-class suburb” (Olsen, 61). Francis Russell, the 5th Duke of Bedford, had significant influence on his estate and was responsible for much of its development. Before reconstruction, Covent Garden was the center of all of the Russell estates. The Duke, living in the West End and not interested in Bloomsbury, had the Bedford House demolished and replaced with Bedford Square, which led north to the large Russell Square, and served as the focal point of a new residential area. Originally, the Duke forbade the production of any buildings north of Great Russell Street out of fear of decreasing the desirability of Bedford House. His vision of having a spacious park-like area surrounded by terraces of homes is similar to John Nash’s for his Regent’s Park
Established in 1630, Boston was one of the earlier settlements in Colonial North America. It was founded by the Massachusetts Bay Colony whose Puritan traditions influenced the local government. Annual town meetings were attended by a sizeable portion of inhabitants before and after the siege (Carr, page 88). These meetings helped Boston recover, grow, and adapt. Accessibility to the city was particularly difficult before bridges were built.
We Americans now depend on most electronics to go about our lives. We use electronics to communicate, find information, socialize, and now to do homework. Back in the day before the United States were born people like Ben Franklin and others were creating these wonderful inventions to help easy the life of colonial people. The Middle Colonies needed a plow to fasten the process of farming crops. The virus smallpox started an epidemic and a vaccine would help lower the risk of people getting the disease.
During the 16th century England was living through many social, religious, and political changes. The country was in need of change and Inigo Jones revolutionized English architecture by introducing French and Italian classicism through his first building of the Queen’s house in Greenwich. His work portrayed symmetry and elements of classicism, which captured the attention of many. Within his lifetime, he visited Italy twice. The first time he traveled to Italy was in the late 16th century while the second time he traveled was in the early 17th century.
4.2) Engineering Restrictions and Anti-engineering Campaigns To keep pace with the growing demand of houses in the U.K, at least 250,000 houses should be built annually. However, bureaucratic engineering approvals, land restrictions, and stringent rules governing the design and construction of tall buildings including the Grenfell Tower, are drawbacks to the speedy construction of housing units (Scott p.1). After the inferno, the Friends of Richmond Park, and residents of the west London suburbs, actively campaigned against the construction of tall buildings. Although the restrictions and campaigns were meant to safeguard the safety of the occupants, they gradually contributed to the housing shortage currently
Manchester is described as an ugly city that has no beauty and is so filthy and foul it can turn a good man into a savage[doc 2&5].One person questions if the progress was worth the physical suffering [doc 7]. Document 11 shows a painting from The Graphic of the horrible pollution in Manchester where the peasants live. Even though there were negative reactions there was also positive reactions. Many of the nobles agreed that the working conditions improved over the years[doc 10]. Some however, agreed that it should not matter how working conditions are because the peasants have always lived terrible lives[doc 3].Others who do not agree with the others agreed that Manchester was truly beautiful because of the tremendous growth of industry[doc 9].
Post Thirty Years war left France looking for a new leadership style that would give plenty of stability. What France received was Louis XIV, who would reign under the new absolute monarchy government. During Louis’ reign, divine rights controlled rank in society. This left many confused on why they were picked to be at the bottom of society, and why the king was given his power. Jean Domat, a royally appointed juror by king Louis helped explain a better understanding of the new system of governance to the people of France in his writings.
LEQ prompt 1 During the period between 1607 and 1754, the British had established colonies in North America, inspired by the riches and wealth gained by the Spanish upon the conquest of the Aztecs and Incas in the 16th century, the early British settlements had hoped for the same riches and discoveries in the northern Americas. The first successful permanent settlement was established in Jamestown Virginia, and as time advances the English established thirteen colonies divided geographically into three regions: new England, middle and southern colonies. Socially the English colonists were similar by the means that they shared an English heritage but differed greatly in lifestyle, politically and economically the colonies had many differences,
Overall, Louis XIV showed throughout the time of his reign, he wanted complete power and control over everyone, and
The debt of King Louis XIV was very troublesome. It caused his once powerful and rich kingdom, to plummet. The article Memoir of the Reign of Louis XIV, by the Duke of Saint – Simon: Louis de Rouvry, states, “He wished to reign by himself. His jealousy on this point unceasingly became weakness . . . He liked nobody to be in any way superior to him.”
France’s Louis XIV’s reign lasted for 72 year. This is longer than that of any other European sovereign. During this time, he brought forward, absolute monarchy. He also established France as a dominant power in Europe, and ushered in a golden age of art and literature. Although his reign had some negative aspects, overall he benefitted France.
In 1789, France was precariously balanced on the edge of chaos. King Louis XVI was ruling monarch of France. King Louis’ youth depicted him as reckless, thoughtless, and unwise. A series of bad financial and political decisions, lead to his unpopularity among the people of France. King Louis was young, distracted and misguided.
Since Louis XIV inherited his monarchy at the mere age of five years old, his nation was run by Cardinal Mazarin until his death in 1642. After the cardinal’s death, Louis began to reform France through his absolute rule which is apparent in the words he uttered the day he came into power: “Messieurs, I have come to my Parliament to tell you that, following the law of the land, I intend to take over the government myself; and I hope with the goodness of God it will be with piety and justice” (Horne 107). Even when he just began to rule, Louis XIV had full intent to take over France absolutely for the betterment of the country. The main principle of his absolute monarchy was weakening his nobility so that they had little to no control over the state. This was quite simple when he forced his nobility to live in the Palace of Versailles, planning various parties and banquets in order to keep the nobles preoccupied so that he could truly rule France.
Louis XIV had control over everything after reconstructing the french government and he had all the decision making power. During his period of rule, which was from 1643 to 1715 he had brought his empire to the top of the chain. He made it very clear that he would hear everyone’s opinion but his decision would be his decision and wouldn’t be influenced by
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED AND CAMILLO SITTE: NOT AS DIFFERENT AS THEY FIRST APPEAR Harkening from different sides of the Atlantic, two influential urban planners worked to transform the blossoming urban environment of the nineteenth century, albeit with very different approaches. This essay will be looking at the ideals and some of the work of Frederick Law Olmsted and Camillo Sitte. Born within just over twenty years of one and other, Olmsted in Hartford, Connecticut, and Sitte in Vienna, both men had careers encompassing fields well beyond urban planning. Not a planner by training, Olmsted delved into the world of planning when he and Calvert Vaux won the design competition for New York’s Central Park in 1858.
At the age of twenty-three Louis XIV of France declared his determination to be what he referred to as ‘real king’ – to become the sole and absolute ruler of France. To achieve this he invested himself in establishing a meticulous routine, but never did the king view his duties as a toil as his belief was that it was the primary duty of a royal prince to always present himself as noble and composed. Willing in his search for glorification, Louis spent his lifetime creating a magnificent and grand spectacle at the court of Versailles. The self-proclaimed ‘Roi du Soleil’ believed wholly in the theory of absolute monarchy and consciously spent his years embodying the spirit of the sun, and employing countless displays of spectacle which frequently