Unit V Cardiovascular System

If the baby makes it through being born, the next step is being put on a ventilator. A ventilator is “an appliance for artificial respiration; a respirator.” Judson was born on January 30th. After being put on the ventilator, he was placed on ECMO. This is essentially life support for babies.

The lung tissues may develop a pneumothorax. This causes the lungs to collapse by letting air escape into the chest cavity. This disease may affect the heart through aortic dilation. The aorta is a blood vessel that is responsible for transporting blood from the heart to the body. In aortic dilation, the aorta may overstretch or become weak.

1) In mitral stenosis a diastolic murmur is present due to stenosis, or narrowing of the valve. The murmur is heard when the mitral valve fails to open appropriately in diastole. The leaflets of the valve are usually thicker, stiffer, and become misshapen from the effects of rheumatic fever or a congenital defect (Porth, 2011). The crackles in her lungs are likely due to left sided heart failure leading to pulmonary hypertension.

This defect causes complications and makes it difficult for the mitral valve to regulate blood flow in the heart. The deregulation of blood flow affects the lungs by allowing extra blood to flow into the organs. The heart then has to overwork itself in order to pump this extra blood out of the lungs and will cause the heart muscle to enlarge, leading to high blood pressure and even heart failure if left untreated. Atrioventricular septal defect is

The laboratory evaluation for sepsis was reported later as negative. Subsequent abdominal ultrasonogram revealed a left sided hydronephrosis. Echocardiogram confirmed the presence of multiple small ventricular septal defects (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) of moderate size and markers of pulmonary hypertension. After discussion with surgical services two management options were considered; the first was surgical intervention to facilitate patient care and possibly ameliorate the course of illness and the second was the expectant conservative management. As the long-term outcomes were dependant on the final diagnosis, parents and treating team opted for no surgical intervention at this stage.

The chest examination was remarkable for dull auscultatorysound at the right side. The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. The blood pressure was 110/70mmHg and heart rate was 85 beats/min. The peripheral blood leukocyte count was 23000 x 109/L, with neutrophils 89%.C reactive protein was 276ng/l, while other parameters were in normal range. The posteroanterior chest radiogram showed pleural effusion on right side and imflammatory changes on rest right lung apically [Figure 1A].

The narrowing of these arteries can lead to weakening of the left ventricle due to the increased workload; eventually the left ventricle cannot effectively pump, resulting in blood backing up into the lungs. The fluid is then forced into the blood, through the capillaries and into the alveoli; this is known as congestive heart failure (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Another cause of cardiogenic pulmonary edema is cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy also causes a weakening in the ventricles. Unlike coronary artery disease which is a result of the narrowing of the arteries, cardiomyopathy is caused by damage to the cardiac muscle (Mayo Clinic, 2014).

Heart failure in neonates rather occurs as a result to congenital cardiac malformations or diseases as ventricular septal defect, aortic regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, severe aortic stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus. There is no data showing that there’s a direct relation between liver cell failure in neonates and meconium aspiration. Conclusion: On the basis of the findings of this review, we recommend inspection of the larynx under direct vision, clearing of the airway artificial ventilation and IV immunoglobulins for the management of cases with meconium aspiration syndrome. Antibiotics are not needed unless there are signs of sepsis. We do not recommend acyclovir or naloxone.

“The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. “The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely (“Congenital”).” Mothers need to be aware of what can cause a birth defect, so they can do everything they can to prevent a birth defect from happening to their child. The first thing to know about birth defects is what exactly causes them to occur?

Congenital interventional cardiology is a stimulating and fascinating career. It is not algorithm driven, rather it is creative and out of box thinking based science. This fact coupled with the constant developing of newer and more effective devices and tools rendering the field more productive and effective every year. Being able to treat

The most common cardiac diagnosis is arrhythmia and can be due to a channelopathy, cardiomyopathy, or myocarditis.11 Arrhythmia is presumed in many cases of SCD due to no or minimal structural heart disease found in most cases.12 Despite arrhythmia being common, ventricular fibrillation is much less common in children than in adults, comparatively 4-10% versus 50% in adults.13, 14 Other cardiac etiologies include coronary artery anomalies, aortic rupture, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, mitral valve prolapse, coronary artery atherosclerosis, arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy, post-operative congenital heart disease, long QT syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome, Brugada syndrome, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, short QT syndrome, complete heart block, pulmonary hypertension, commotio cordis, and drugs especially stimulant medications7, 15 The most common structural defects that result in SCD are HCM (36%), followed by coronary artery anomalies of wrong sinus origin (17%), followed by less commonly, myocarditis (6%), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (4%).16 Cardiac causes that are non-structural include, long QT syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, short QT syndrome and complete heart block.7

I chose the disease coarctation of the aorta, when I was six weeks old I had to receive a surgery to fix my heart. Coarctation of the aorta is the narrowing of part of the aorta, which is the major artery leading out of the heart. This disease is also consider a type of birth defect. The aorta carries blood from the heart to the vessels that supply the body with blood. If part of the aorta is narrowed, it will be difficult for blood to pass through the artery.

Positive airway ventilation can exarcerbate shunting, so spontaneous ventilation should be maintained whenever possible.5 Patients with cerebral AVM require a careful hemodynamic management and increases in intracranial/systolic blood pressures must be avoided (especially during intubation/extubation).5 Patients with systemic AVM can have left-to-right shunting and a decreased systemic vascular resistance so anaesthetic induction should be careful and fluid status should be optimized before intervention. Their response to hypotension may be unpredictable and sometimes they do not respond to vasoconstrictor drugs.5 These patients are at a higher risk for endocarditis due to pulmonary AVM so prophylactic antibiotic is recommended before surgical or dental procedures.5 To prevent emboli formation filters should be placed in intravenous lines.5 Patients should be in a deep anaesthesia state at the extubation to avoid an increase in intracranial/systolic blood

Myocardial Infraction Myocardial infraction (MI) or acute myocardial (AMI) well known as a heart attack, it happens when blood travels to the portion of the heart and this will end up causing the clotting of blood and the muscle of the heart suffers (Wood MA, Spores R, Natske LT, et al 1980). In explanation, the vsd evidently is caused when the walls of the ventricles fails to close appropriately through pregnancy and this will outcome in a high blood pressure owing to the is high volumes of blood flowing in and out of the heart. My aim is to do the clinical test on sixteen year old boy who is suffering from the chest pains. I have to do the test in order to find out whether my test will verify that the patient did inherit the disease or

Congenital heart disease is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and the veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart.