Personal Construct Theory

Describe and evaluate two definitions of abnormality [16 marks] One definition of abnormality comes from statistical infrequency. We typically define what is seen as ‘normal’ by referring to statistical values. For example, from statistical evidence, we can be informed of things such as the average shoe size of 11-year olds, the average age of a first-time mother, and so on. As we can define what is ‘normal’ through statistics, we can also define what is abnormal. For instance, it is seen as abnormal for a first-time mother to be over the age of 40 or under the age of 20.

It is a basic model of how we come to the knowledge of our differences whether client or counsellor, and the ability to integrate the differences or segregate because of

Though it has certain boundaries and limitations, a lot of times Marion may expect the therapist to act as the expert, instead of having to conduct the conversation themselves (Winslade & Cotter, 2002). For these reason, Narrative Therapy can be challenging especially if Marion will not be a good talker or not articulate. There are so many factors, but the only way the therapist can work well with Marion is to make her feel with an amazing self-confidence coupled with intellectual capacity and other narratives will be expressed properly. The therapist can also program some agenda for Marion to support a framework to her narrative to make her tell her stories easier. But the most important aspect of Narrative Therapy is to empower the client (Flaskas, 1999).

Self actualisation is another strength to this form of therapy as it “helps the client to fully concentrate on themselves and guide in decision making for growth and develop into an honest, selfless and independent person” according to Mearns (1994). This helps the client to have autonomy, gives them self growth and self acceptance and all of which I feel are necessary for Gloria. Rogers strives on having a good relationship between the client and therapist whereas Ellis believes that this is not necessary for effective counselling session or for personality change. However, the negative side to person-centred counselling could be that the client is not challenged by anyone as the therapist does not give opinions or suggestions. There is no structure to the therapy session and therefore it relies on the client to be heavily involved in the counselling session and this maybe too optimistic for some clients as they are not getting answers, so they may find it hard to progress.

I will compare and contrast Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. Erikson is a psychoanalytic theorist who believes that our unconscious mind and early experiences in life shape our development. Erikson postulates that we develop in 8 stages that he calls psychosocial stages. Bandura, on the other hand, holds that we develop based on social cognitive stages that are affected by environmental influences. Let’s start with Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.

If we look at the aim of psychology from this perspective, the aim is to look beyond superficial differences such as gender, race and culture to unveil these processes. In traditional psychology the “Self” is seen as a restricted or bounded and autonomous being. Internal attributes such as emotions, independence, thoughts, contextual factors as well as social factors defines the

1. I JoyRose Mahl will use the first grade level for this discussion. 2. The psychodynamic theory is associated with, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Theorists who support this theory state, early childhood experiences play a major part in later development of a child’s personality, even if it is buried in there unconscious.

Introduction This essay is based on the comparison of psychosexual theories of Sigmund Freud and psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson. In this essay, similarities and the differences between these two theories are explained and outlined. The two famous theories of development are Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik

Social structure theories look at the formal and informal economic and social arrangements of society that cause crime and deviance. The negative aspects of social structure such as disorganization within a family, poverty, and disadvantages because of lack of success in educational areas are looked upon as the producers of criminal behavior (Schmalleger, 2012). The three major types of social structure theories are Social Disorganization, Strain, and Culture Conflict (Schmalleger, 2012). Social disorganization theory is based on the idea that changes, conflict, and the lack of social consensus in society are the reasons for criminal behavior. This theory views society as a living organism and that criminal behavior is compared to a disease.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Many researchers have tried to revise after Freud 's psychoanalysis, to show the value associated with the process and I have to follow their development (Kail, Cavanaugh, 2004). The most prominent of the so-called ego psychology was Erik Erikson. As with other postfreydistov for Erickson the greatest importance was the self and its adaptive capacity in connection with the problem of the individual. However, this does not mean that he neglected his theory of biological or social factors (Kail, Cavanaugh, 2004).

Erik Erikson developed model for the interpretations of reflections due to experiences during eight stages in life of an individual. He constructed model based on psychosocial developmental processes, which can be viewed as; Table: Eight psychosocial crisis of Erik Erikson’s Model (Erikson, 1950) No. Psychosocial Crisis Stage Issues Virtues Distortions 1. “Trust Vs. Mistrust” Infant Feeding, sleep, comfort Hope Sensory

I was given two minutes to terminate the session, which I haven’t utilized properly as I ended before the given time. The setting of me being as a counsellor and the tutor watching the session is one of the factor that have added to my less abled articulations owing to the failure of harnessing nervous energy. After my role play I felt much relieved and happy when my tutor pointed out some of the positive and negative aspects of the entire session with the client. Through the role play, I am better convinced that counselling is not an easy job in which counsellor has to deal with the diverse issues from the clients of diverse cultural backgrounds.

Counselling skills are initiated in order to help the person to talk, making sense of their situation, developing these ideas about what the counsellor can do, and out these ideas into action. Individuals think, feel and react in different ways. By integrating different ways of helping people bring change in their lives, a counsellor can work with each client to produce a unique therapy adapted to suit what that client wants, and

Theme B: Review on the Impact of Social Constructivism for Pre-school Education. Early childhood education generally means an education before the child start of formal schooling or before the age they required to attend the school. It is crucial stage of life in development the physical, intellectual, emotional and social lifestyle of the children. For the basic education method the approach must base on their prior knowledge and practice is called “constructivism”. Social constructivism is the one of the theories of learning and pedagogy that had the utmost impact on tutoring and curriculum design because they seem to be the most conducive to integration into current educational approaches.

(Freud, 1949) Help is provided to the clients to enable them strengthen their EGO and protect it from being in any conflict between their ID and SUPEREGO. This theory is used to rectify the client’s character and their system of personality if found to have issues. The theory aims at making the unconscious, conscious by releasing the repressed emotions and experiences. Psychoanalytic theory also aims at helping clients work through their developmental stages not previously resolved well to solve the problem of fixation.