Summary Of Alan Turing's Computing Machinery And Intelligence?

Carr describes the way our brains have changed as a consequence of using media. He later reports that when new or improved technology enters our lives, we begin to take on the qualities of those technologies, because it changes our “intellectual technologies”. He also uses the analogy of a clock, presenting the idea that we eat, work, sleep, and rise based on what time of day it is, instead of listening to our own senses. Carr then uses the claim from a 1936 British mathematician named Alan Turing that computing systems are subsuming most of our other intellectual technologies such as our map and our clock, our printing press and our typewriter, our calculator and our telephone, and our radio and our television. Likewise, he explains how the internet assumes what we are thinking and injects its context with hyperlinks, blinking ads, headlines, and other propaganda.

However, Carr did not inform the readers his credentials and professional expertise throughout the essay. His profession is established at the end of the essay on a small footnote, which also provided his other essays and books. In the beginning of his essay, he establishes himself as a trustworthy source by discussing catastrophic events and providing small amounts of history. He also used quotes from historical figures such as the British mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead to make readers assume that he researched for his topic, which he did (90). Carr also provided opposing viewpoints by giving the reader’s quotes from theorists who are pro-automation and facts that prove humans can be “unreliable and inefficient” when they are responsible for operating simple tasks (93).

He suggests humans have more controlling over machines. He supports his thought by referring to computers in chess that “the computer has no intuition at all, it analyzes the game using brute force [and] inspects the pieces currently on the board, then calculates all options” (Thompson 343). He points out that the way computer thinks is “fundamentally unhuman” and it is the player who runs the program and decides which moves to take (Thompson 343). After all, computers are just tools that we use to optimize accuracy and

Leonel Ramos Mrs.Harrell ENG 112 May 3, 2023 Final Exam Essay The articles “'Rise of the Machines' is Not a Likely Future” by Micheal Littman and the article “Is Google Making Us Stupid” by Nicholas Carr discuss the topics of the impact of technology. The articles discuss the same topic in a unique way but sway in view points. For example in the article “Rise of the Machines' is Not a Likely Future” Littman suggest that technology is not here to over take us and going to take over he suggest that AI is still in the work and has room to improve but we should use it to improve society.

He uses this idea because the reader can relate to it, like himself. Carr also explains about because of the easiness of the internet, it makes people full of artificial knowledge when he writes about the impact of the internet on the way how we think. He elaborates on how the growing technology affects the human life and their culture. He mentions Foreman’s life experience with related to how his life is surrounded by the internet. Carr’s essay is free from bias because he

Alan Turing: The Enigma is a scientific biography of one of the most brilliant minds in history. Andrew Hodges provides a detailed account of Alan’s life and shows his various contributions to history, mathematics, science etc. It also shows how instead of giving him an exceptional status he was forced to live a horrid life that ultimately led him to commit suicide. Andrew Hodges is a British mathematician, which helped him give a clear insight in Alan Turing’s life and his theories. The book opens up by describing Alan’s life in Britain and his family background.

Alan Turing has inspired people with his algorithms, computing machinery and artificial intelligence (How Alan Turing’s legacy is inspiring our work today). This evidence shows that people were inspired to make future technological advancements by using his codes and algorithms to find AI in computers. Alan Turing has inspired people to decipher encrypted messages because of his attempt to decode the Enigma cipher machine used by the German military (Alan Turing By Jacob Aron). This evidence shows that Alan Turing was able to help the war effort for the British by cracking the Enigma Cipher machine that encrypts messages and frequencies. Alan Turing has inspired people to be fearless to daunting problems just like he did to find out a way to crack open the Enigma machine (What Alan Turing means to us).

She gave an example by comparing a computer software and a human’s mind working similar to one

Based upon the analysis, Parnas’ article is geared more towards people involved in the field of Artificial Intelligence where Eldridge’s article is geared towards people who are not necessarily knowledgeable about Artificial Intelligence yet are interested to learn more about the topic. Throughout the article, Parnas maintains the skeptical attitude towards Artificial Intelligence, literally ending with “Devices that use heuristics to create the illusion of Intelligence present a risk we should not accept” (Parnas, 6). Eldridge on the other hand, maintains a positive attitude throughout the article despite the shortcomings of AI. Together, both authors provide compelling arguments for and against Artificial

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE INTRODUCTION Throughout history, numerous researchers have suggested different definitions regarding intelligence and that it is a single, general ability, while other researchers believed that the definition of intelligence includes a range of skills. Spearman (general intelligence), Gardner (multiple intelligence) and Goleman (emotional intelligence) have all looked into further research regarding intelligence, where 3 different theories were formed regarding what intelligence is and how it should be defined. Since then, Binet, Simon and Terman have all contributed to intelligence testing. Although, there is still controversy over intelligence testing.

The Turing test has become the most widely accepted test of artificial intelligence and the most influential. There are also considerable arguments that the Turing test is not enough to confirm intelligence. Legg and Hutter (2007) cite Block (1981) and Searle (1980) as arguing that a machine may appear intelligent by using a very large set of

“Some people call this artificial intelligence, but the reality is this technology will enhance us. So instead of artificial intelligence, I think we’ll augment our intelligence” (Rometly, G.). Artificial intelligence are high-tech machines and computer systems that obtain the ability to learn human intelligence and characteristics with the imperfect data or information that people feed the computers and machines. When artificial intelligence is thought of, individuals immediately conclude that the definition of artificial intelligence are robots with human characteristics as well as other computers far more technical than ordinary everyday computers. This definition is not necessary wrong, but it is not correct either.

Artificial Intelligence is the field within computer science to explain some aspects of the human thinking. It includes aspects of intelligence to interact with the environment through sensory means and the ability to make decisions in unforeseen circumstances without human intervention. The beginnings of modern AI can be traced to classical philosophers' attempts to describe human thinking as a symbolic system. MIT cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky and others who attended the conference

Turing proved himself to be a valuable genius and his contributions to designing the Bombe were significant during World War II, but he encountered disgrace when authorities revealed he was homosexual. Two years after he was convicted of “gross indecency”, he committed suicide by ingesting a lethal

I do not believe the field has been developed to its potential in any regard, and feel that considerable progress can be made to improve the interactive experience that users have with an artificial intelligence application. This genuine intrigue combined with my curiosity for the subject matter and the limitless potential of the field are the reason why I wish to pursue a greater depth of knowledge in artificial