Unknown Monoterpene Lab Report

Identification of bacteria within Unknown Culture #21 In this experiment, an unknown culture of two different types of bacteria was assigned to each person, a number of tests were performed to isolate and identify these bacterial cells. Based on knowledge from the previous experiments completed in lab, a basic understanding of each type of bacteria was used to create a flow chart that would aid the process of identifying the unknown bacteria within the culture. A gram stain that is performed initially will narrow down the types of tests certain bacteria will and will not respond to. In addition to the gram stain, some of the tests that were used include, a catalase test, an Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar test, a bile esculin test, and a 6.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) test.

I don't accept my current grade, because it is wrong, and my grade should be higher than D in anyhow according to Dr.Scandale's grading policy. The following explanation is made on my behalf. Lab 1.1 grade = 0 "what should be the correct grade?", and if different, explain why

Determining the Identity of an Unknown White Compound Maxwell Yurs Group Member: E.B. Floersch, Alexander Medina, and Masih Horri College Science and Engineering University of Minnesota, Minneapolis October 12, 2014 The experiments that were completed were used to determine the identity of an unknown white compound to allow for proper disposal. These experiments included flame tests, pH tests, and conductivity tests. After each was completed, it was found that the identity of the white compound was Sodium Nitrate.

Phytochemistry Phytochemical studies of Cissus quadrangularis have shown the presence of various versatile constituents such as flavanoids, triterpenoids, Vitamin C, stilbene derivatives and many others, e.g. resveratrol, piceatannol, pallidol perthenocissin and phytosterols. Out of which ascorbic acid, triterpene, β-sitosterol, ketosteroid, two asymmetrical tetracyclic triterpenoids and calcium were identified as major constituents of this plant. Cissus quadrangularis have high contents of anabolic steroidal substances, ascorbic acid, carotene, and calcium.8,9,10 The plant contains ascorbic acid 479 mg and carotene 267 mg per 100 g freshly prepared paste in addition to calcium oxalate. The stem of the plant contains two asymmetric tetracyclic

On April 6, 2016 at approximately 11:45am, a local police station got a call about a hostage situation at a local pharmacy. When police and medical examiners got to each crime scene, they learned that all of the hostages were given drugs and had overdosed on them. Some of the pills, in powder form, were found near the victims. One of the victims was stable enough to tell the investigators that the power on the floor were the drugs they were forced to take. The medical examiner found out each hostage was given either unknown A or unknown B.

In this lab, we tested 8 known ingredients to find what ingredients was in our unknown A and unknown B medications. We first tested the water solubility of our knowns and unknowns. We found that of the knowns, cornstarch and acetaminophen were the only ones not water soluble. The unknowns were also not water soluble. Th next test was the pH test.

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to identify given Unknown White Compound by conducting various test and learning how to use lab techniques. Tests that are used during this experiment were a flame test, ion test, pH test, and conductivity test. The results drawn from these tests confirmed the identity of the Unknown White Compound to be sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) because there were no presence of ions and sodium has a strong persistent orange color. The compound then will be synthesized with the compounds Na2CO3 and HC2H3O2 to find percent yield.

The purpose of this experiment was to learn about metal hydride reduction reactions. Therefore, the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone, 9-fluorenone was performed to yield the secondary alcohol, 9-fluorenol. Reduction of an organic molecule usually corresponds to decreasing its oxygen content or increasing its hydrogen content. In order to achieve such a chemical change, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as a reducing agent. There are other metal hydrides used in the reduction of carbonyl groups such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Table 12: interpretation of FTIR spectra of naproxen Bonds Standard (/cm) Observed (/cm) O-H stretch 3600-3500 3421.41 C =o stretch 1750 1740.39 C-O stretch

Saffron is having approximately 40–50 different constituents including various carbohydrates, minerals, mucilage, vitamins, pigments, Flavenoids, amino acids, proteins, starch and gums (28). But crocin and saffranal were found pharmaceutically more useful than other. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated radical scavenging (29), antiepileptic, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, antioxidant (30), anti- inflammatory and antinociceptive properties for crocin and saffranal. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated antiepileptic, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory¸ and antinociceptive properties for crocin and saffranal (31-32). But here we are focusing out the antidepressant property of saffranal (33).

pruriens seed extract and FeMPn were characterized with FTIR to determine the biomolecules contained in the extract that involved in the reaction to form FeMPn. The FTIR spectra of the extract and FeMPn are shown in Fig. 5. The FTIR spectrum of the extract showed a broad absorption band in an absorbance area of 3384.8 cm-1 that assigned to the overlapping of O-H stretching vibration of flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, alcohols or water and N-H stretching vibration of amine compounds, due to the hydrogen bonding. The absorption band at 1627.8 cm-1 referred to C=C stretching vibration which is possible to be derived from aromatic ring in amino acid, while the absorption band in 1529.4 cm-1 referred to N-H bending vibration of amine which is possible to be derived from the L-dopa.

The genus Salvia comprises about 900 species distributed all over the world and is one of the major genera belonging to Lamiaceae family (1). Salvia species have been used since ancient times for different purposes, including perfumery industry and for culinary and therapeutic applications. These plants have been traditionally employed for their cerebrovascular and cardiac benefits, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antimicrobial, tranquilizing, anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties (2-4). Numerous phytochemical and biological studies have been carried out on a number of Salvia species. Flavonoids and terpenoids are the main secondary metabolites in Salvia species.

Flavonoids has a molecular structure of two aromatic carbon rings and benzopyran (A and C rings) and benzene (B rings). The chemical structure of flavonoids consists of pyrane and phenolic rings that are classified due to the differences in the substitutions and combinations that are associated between the A and B rings. The differences are, however, accounted for by the attachment of glycosidic groups, hydroxyl groups and methoxy groups. The total number of hydroxyl group and the configuration are factors that impact the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. The free radical searching activity is primarily attributed to the reactivities of the hydroxyl groups that participate in the reactions of the hydrogen abstraction.

INTRODUCTION: Itraconazole is a (1-(butan-2-yl)-4-{4-[4-(4-{[2R,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4 triazole-1- ylmethyl) 1, 3 – dioxolan – 4 -yl] methoxy}phenyl) piperazin -1-yl ] phenyl} 4, 4-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-one) is member of the drug class known as anti-fungal. It is used for the inhibition of fungal cytochrome p450 enzyme “lanosterol 4 demethylase”, used in the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, which is a main sterol in fungal cell membrane, thus inhibits replication and promotes cell death in case of the yeast cells transformation into hypothetically invasive hyphae. Literature survey revealed that very few methods have been reported for the analysis of Methyl Bromide in Itraconazole

Even though few of these compounds are being toxic to plant predators, they also inherits beneficial effects which can be used to treat various human diseases. The plant secondary metabolites are structurally diverse, many are aromatic substances. So far, around 12,000 of chemical compounds were isolated from plant sources; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total phytocompounds. Plant phytochemicals functions inside human body by binding to specific receptor molecules which was identical to the conventional drugs. The herbal medicines are found to be effective than the conventional medicines which may cause harmful side effects.